A decision is made – and then?

Implementation of Top Management decisions is a slightly researched area in contrast to decision making (Skivington & Daft, 1991; Hickson et al., 2003). To fill a bit of this gap I carried out a field study and wrote a doctoral thesis (Göransson, 2007) where the implementation efficiency and its conditional factors were explored and, to a limited extent, explained. From the beginning the thesis was aimed to be fulfilled in three steps, but was later limited to the first two as they were enough to meet the formal doctoral requirements. These first two steps are labelled as Step I and Step II in the thesis and an important result is a developed implementation model. In this report, Step III, the results from a quantitative test of the model are presented

Vendor independent control database for virtual preparation and formal verification

It is very advantageous to use virtual techniques for testing and developing new hardware and software systems within a manufacturing system. It is, however, of greatest importance that the virtual model can be trusted so that the results of the development and tests can be directly transferred to a real system without any manual last minute changes. In order to trust the result, formal verification techniques can be applied and by doing that guaranteeing a correct system behavior. Today, there is a gap between how systems are modeled in simulation softwares and formal verification softwares and it is therefore hard to perform formal verification. In order to limit the risk of introducing errors it is also important that the specifications created in the simulation softwares are not manually converted into formal languages. The present paper presents a method for sharing information between the different virtual development tools and formal verification tools. A database, storing necessary control information for verification and controller synthesis, is presented

Allele-specific copy number analysis of tumor samples with aneuploidy and tumor heterogeneity

We describe a bioinformatic tool, Tumor Aberration Prediction Suite (TAPS), for the identification of allele-specific copy numbers in tumor samples using data from Affymetrix SNP arrays. It includes detailed visualization of genomic segment characteristics and iterative pattern recognition for copy number identification, and does not require patient-matched normal samples. TAPS can be used to identify chromosomal aberrations with high sensitivity even when the proportion of tumor cells is as low as 30%. Analysis of cancer samples indicates that TAPS is well suited to investigate samples with aneuploidy and tumor heterogeneity, which is commonly found in many types of solid tumors

PENGARUH LIMBAH SERBUK BESI SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEJUMLAH AGREGAT HALUS TERHADAP CAMPURAN ASPAL

The obieaive of this research examining stability andfla+, value was to iwestigste the impact of the utility of iron Jillings waste as a subtitute matqlal for the mtmber of suprisingly small sggregates in the mixture of asphalt. In lhis research, the portion of irontilings waste which given were 5 %o, I0 % and I 5 % of the heauy mixture smooth aggregotes. The stobility quantitative value was 2093 kg in 15 % iron Jilings contents. The higatflow quaftitative value was 3,5 mm in 5 % iron tilings contents. The result of characteristic validdion Mmshall on the number of sabtituted smooth aggregates which used iron/ilings gave o standard coflictent specfrcation 8M.2005. So based on thal, the iron/illings waste technically could be received as a subtitute material for the mixture of suprisingly small aggregates

Изучение байесовского подхода к анализу медико-биологических данных в курсе медицинской и биологической физики

Background: The clinical behaviour of colon cancer is heterogeneous. Five-year overall survival is 50-65% with all stages included. Recurring somatic chromosomal alterations have been identified and some have shown potential as markers for dissemination of the tumour, which is responsible for most colon cancer deaths. We investigated 115 selected stage II-IV primary colon cancers for associations between chromosomal alterations and tumour dissemination. Methods: Follow-up was at least 5 years for stage II-III patients without distant recurrence. Affymetrix SNP 6.0 microarrays and allele-specific copy number analysis were used to identify chromosomal alterations. Fisher's exact test was used to associate alterations with tumour dissemination, detected at diagnosis (stage IV) or later as recurrent disease (stage II-III). Results: Loss of 1p36.11-21 was associated with tumour dissemination in microsatellite stable tumours of stage II-IV (odds ratio = 5.5). It was enriched to a similar extent in tumours with distant recurrence within stage II and stage III subgroups, and may therefore be used as a prognostic marker at diagnosis. Loss of 1p36.11-21 relative to average copy number of the genome showed similar prognostic value compared to absolute loss of copies. Therefore, the use of relative loss as a prognostic marker would benefit more patients by applying also to hyperploid cancer genomes. The association with tumour dissemination was supported by independent data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas. Conclusion: Deletions on 1p36 may be used to guide adjuvant treatment decisions in microsatellite stable colon cancer of stages II and III

A decision is made - and then?

This thesis deals with the conditions and factors influencing the implementation outcome of top management decisions. The thesis presents an implementation model, which describes, and to a certain extent explains, the factors influencing the implementation efficiency of decisions made by top executives in complex profit-driven, Swedish organizations. The model is developed from a literature review and tested in an empirical study with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The implementation efficiency is estimated as the sum of implementation process efficiency and decision goal satisfaction. The empirical study is carried out in the perspective of both the executives and the implementers. All types of decisions have been studied. The respondents have described how a specific decision is handled in the implementation phase (the qualitative part of the study). They have also estimated the performance of specific variables on a six-grade scale for the same decision (the quantitative part of the study). The analysis of the empirical data is carried out not only as comparisons of the opinions of respondents for each decision identifying similarities and differences, but also by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA, and a simultaneous equation model, LISREL. The analysis results show that the preliminary implementation model satisfactorily explains basic correlations between implementation conditions and implementation efficiency. The implementation efficiency is positively correlated with a simple implementation context and an evident implementation profile as well as decisions with only internal consequences, operational decisions and recognized decisions. The implementation efficiency is on average about 65%, with great variation between companies and between decisions, indicating a huge potential for improvements. There are differences between decision makers and the implementers in terms of perceived implementation conditions and implementation efficiency. It is also observed that decision makers engage themselves to a very limited extent in the implementation of their decisions. The preliminary implementation model has been developed with complementary variables as a result of the study. Furthermore, it has been possible to design a preliminary model describing the critical moment of transformation of the implementation task. Both models require further empirical tests