Assessment of the Level of Knowledge about Migraines and Medication Among Pharmacy Technicians

Objective: A limited number of studies focus on pharmacy technicians (PT) and their knowledge level regarding migraines. The present study aimed to determine their level of awareness and knowledge regarding migraines and migraine treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine in Kayseri, Türkiye. It was conducted from February 2019 to May 2019 and completed with the participation of 324 PTs (75.8% response rate). Forms containing questions about the diagnosis of migraines, the characteristics, and the treatments were administered to the PTs in person and then evaluated by a neurologist. Results: The ratio of PTs who knew of a drug therapy that reduced migraine attacks was 10.2%. Most PTs (85.2%) had no training in migraine treatment and obtained knowledge from their work experience. Ninety-one participants (28.1%) recommended medication to patients who visited the pharmacy due to headaches. When asked about the drug they recommend for migraines, 29.6% suggested ergotamine, 26.9% suggested analgesics, and 15.7% suggested triptans. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that PTs working in pharmacies that support primary care services might not have sufficient awareness and knowledge about migraine treatments, and appropriate training should be provided on this subject

1,3-Bis[4-(dimethyl­amino)benz­yl]-4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro-1H-1,3-diazepan-2-ium chloride

The title N-heterocyclic carbene derivative, C23H33N4 +·Cl−, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Ions of the title compound are linked by three C—H⋯Cl inter­actions. The seven-membered 1,3-diazepane ring has a form inter­mediate between twist-chair and twist-boat

Chlorido[1-phenyl-3-(2,3,5,6-tetra­methyl­benz­yl)benzimidazol-2-yl­idene]silver(I)

In the title compound, [AgCl(C24H24N2)], the terminal phenyl and tetra­methyl­benzene rings [which form a dihedral angle of 87.92 (14)°] make dihedral angles of 59.59 (11) and 83.19 (12)° with respect to the central benzimidazole ring system. The Ag—C and Ag—Cl single-bond lengths are 2.087 (3) and 2.3267 (9) Å. The C—Ag—Cl bond angle is 172.84 (7)°. C—H⋯π inter­actions contribute to the stabilization of the crystal structure. A very weak π–π stacking inter­action between adjacent tetra­methyl­benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 4.0610 (18) Å] is also observed

1,3-Bis(2-thienylmeth­yl)-4,5-dihydro­imidazolium trichlorido(η6-p-cymene)ruthenate(II)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C13H15N2S2)[RuCl3(C10H14)], contains a 1,3-(2-thienylmeth­yl)-4,5-dihydro­imidazolium cation and a trichlorido(η 6-p-cymene)ruthenate(II) anion. The thio­phene rings of the cation are disordered by an 180° rotation about the thio­phene–CH2 bonds with occupancies of 0.847 (5)/0.153 (5) and 0.700 (5)/0.300 (5), respectively. The Ru atom exhibits a distorted octa­hedral coordination with the benzene ring of the p-cymene ligand formally occupying three sites and three Cl atoms occupying the other three sites. The short C—N bond lengths in the imidazoline ring indicate partial electron delocalization within the N—C—N fragment. Cation and anions are connected through five inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and one C—H⋯π hydrogen bond, forming a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network

1,3-Bis(thio­phen-2-ylmeth­yl)-3,4,5,6-tetra­hydro­pyrimidinium trichlorido(η6-p-cymene)ruthenate(II)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C14H17N2S2)[Ru(C10H14)Cl3], contains a 1,3-bis­(thio­phen-2-ylmeth­yl)-3,4,5,6-tetra­hydro­pyrimidinium cation and a trichlorido(η6-p-cymene)ruthenate(II) anion. The Ru atom exhibits a distorted octa­hedral coordination with the benzene ring of the p-cymene ligand formally occupying three sites and three chloride atoms occupying the other three sites. The N—C bond lengths of the N—C—N unit of the pyrimidinium cation are shorter than the average single C—N bond length of 1.48 Å, thus showing double-bond character, indicating a partial electron delocalization within the N—C—N fragment. The pyrimidine ring has an envelope conformation. Four inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds generate a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded framework

Recent Advances in Health Biotechnology During Pandemic

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in 2019, cut the epoch that will make profound fluctuates in the history of the world in social, economic, and scientific fields. Urgent needs in public health have brought with them innovative approaches, including diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To exceed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various scientific authorities in the world have procreated advances in real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based diagnostic tests, rapid diagnostic kits, the development of vaccines for immunization, and the purposing pharmaceuticals for treatment. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization approaches put for- ward by scientific communities are cross-fed from the accrued knowledge of multidisciplinary sciences in health biotechnology. So much so that the pandemic, urgently prioritized in the world, is not only viral infections but also has been the pulsion in the development of novel approaches in many fields such as diagnosis, treatment, translational medicine, virology, mi- crobiology, immunology, functional nano- and bio-materials, bioinformatics, molecular biol- ogy, genetics, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, and artificial intelligence technologies. In this review, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of various scientific areas of health biotechnology are discussed

Catalytic activities in direct arylation of novel palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes

Eight novel palladium N-heterocyclic carbene (Pd-NHC) complexes were synthesized by the reaction of chloro 1,3-dialkylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene silver(I) complexes with bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) chloride in dichloromethane. These eight Pd-NHC complexes are as follows: bis[1-phenyl-3-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II), bis[1-phenyl-3-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II), bis[1-phenyl-3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentamethylbenzyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II), bis[1-phenyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II), bis[1-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-3-(3-methylbenzyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II), bis[1-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-3-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II),bis[1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3-naphthalenomethylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II) and bis[1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3-(2-methylbenzyl)benzimidazol-2-ylidene]dichloropalladium(II). Also, these synthesized complexes were fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared, H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis techniques. These synthesized novel Pd-NHC complexes were tested as catalysts in the direct arylation of 2-n-butylthiophene, 2-n-butylfuran and 2-isopropylthiazole with various aryl bromides at 130 degrees C for 1 h. The complexes showed very good catalytic activities in these reactions. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd