Społeczno-ekonomiczne predyktory poglądów kobiet i mężczyzn dotyczących kulturowych ról płci w Polsce

Fertility decline in developed countries over recent five decades and persisting low fertility in the remarkable number of countries are increasingly attributed to changing gender roles, particularly to incompatibilities between institutional adjustments of individual- and family- oriented institutions as well as within the family and changing perceptions on social roles of women and men. These arguments are voiced also when debating on low fertility in Poland. The article focuses on perceptions of gender roles and their diversity across population groups which differ by socio-demographic attributes. Additionally, possible influences of parental home on opinions about gender roles are accounted for. The data coming from the Generations and Gender Survey, carried out in Poland in 2010/2011, made it possible to define two synthetic variables which described attitudes towards gender equality in the social sphere and in the private sphere (a responsibility for a child). Descriptive results confirmed findings of other studies: the gender attitudes are more diversified among women than men, especially as regards gender equality in the social sphere, women show more egalitarian attitudes than men, and within an age increase a social approval for gender equality declines. The generalized linear mixed models of two synthetic gender variables were used to identify predictors of gender attitudes across two birth cohorts of women and men – those born either in the years 1950–1969 or in the years 1970–1989. Among individual characteristics education, religiosity and place of residence were found out – as expected – the main predictors of gender attitudes. Contrary to expectations, labour market status, marital status and a number of children did not always play a significant role for distinguished cohorts of men and women. Economic activity showed its impact on women’s gender attitudes only. There are also some signs that in the 1970–1989 cohorts younger people are less in favour of gender equality than those over 30 years of age. Parental home attributes (place of residence at age 15, mother’ education and mother’s economic acitivity, number of siblings, and religiosity) were displayed as relevant predictors of gender attitudes for both birth cohorts of men and women

Kulturowe role płci i dzietność w Polsce i Norwegii

Changing gender roles are increasingly considered as a driving factor of both fertility decline in European countries and its recovery in some of these countries. The fertility decline is attributed to the first stage of the gender revolution when increasing women’s labour force participation is accompanied by some progress in gender equality in the public sphere while in the family life a gender asymmetry remains. During the second stage of the gender revolution the progress towards new roles of men and women in the private sphere takes place – they both are considered as economic providers and careers and share work and family responsibilities (e.g. McDonald 2000b, Goldscheider, Bernhardt, Lappegård 2015, Esping-Andersen, Billari 2015). The article compares on-going changes in gender roles in Poland and Norway, two countries which are at different stages of this process, and their interplay with fertility (mean number of children and intensions about the second and third child). Attitudes towards gender equality are studied by taking into account views on this issue on one side and sharing care and housework on the other. Data come from the first round of the Generations and Gender Survey. The study has been performed for respondents aged 20–44, living together with a partner and children under 14 years of age. The descriptive analyses showed that Poles are not only less advanced in gender role changes in two gender dimensions studied: their views on gender roles are more traditional than Norwegian ones, women’s share in family duties is higher contrary to men who contribute less to family responsibilities than women and men in Norway. There is also a higher variation of views and practices among Poles. In Poland and Norway, egalitarian men participate more in family duties than those who declare traditional views, while egalitarian women are less burdened by home work and care. However, in Norway there is remarkably more egalitarian women with low and medium share of domestic duties in parallel to more numerous egalitarian men who take a great share of family responsibilities. More egalitarian respondents have fewer children than the traditional ones in both countries. However, the mean number of children among this group of respondents in Norway is higher than in Poland. Moreover, women in both countries are less inclined to declare intensions to have a second or third child when they participate more in care and domestic duties. This relationship has been found for men in Norway as well

Znaczenie postaw wobec kulturowych ról płci, rodzinnego wzorca pracy matek oraz podziału obowiązków domowych i rodzicielskich dla zatrudnienia matek małych dzieci w Polsce

The paper presents estimation results of a logistic regression developed in order to explore such predictors of employment of mothers with children up to 14 years old in Poland as maternal attitudes towards cultural gender roles, a parental family of a working mother and sharing household and childcare duties between parents. The analysis was based on the data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL1). It was found that the family pattern of a working mother significantly increased the chances of employment of her daughter having her own offspring. Egalitarian attitudes towards gender roles have not proved to be a significant predictor of maternal employment. However, the stronger mother’s approval of the statement that “a small child suffers when his/her mother works” was, the lower the likelihood was of her employment. A larger number of children turned out to be a stimulus for maternal employment when the division of responsibilities between partners and the extent of informal childcare use were controlled for in the model

Cu-Mg-Fe-O-(Ce) complex oxides as catalysts of selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to dinitrogen (NH3-SCO)

Multicomponent oxide systems 800-Cu-Mg-Fe-O and 800-Cu-Mg-Fe-O-Ce were tested as catalysts of selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to dinitrogen (NH3-SCO) process. Materials were obtained by calcination of hydrotalcite-like compounds at temperature 800 degrees C. Some catalysts were doped with cerium by the wet impregnation method. Not only simple oxides, but also complex spinel-like phases were formed during calcination. The influence of chemical composition, especially the occurrence of spinel phases, copper loading and impregnation by cerium, were investigated. Materials were characterized by several techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (BET), cyclic voltammetry (CV), temperature programmed reduction (H-2-TPR), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Examined oxides were found to be active as catalysts of selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia with high selectivity to N-2 at temperatures above 300 degrees C. Catalysts with low copper amounts (up to 12 wt %) impregnated by Ce were slightly more active at lower temperatures (up to 350 degrees C) than non-impregnated samples. However, when an optimal amount of copper (12 wt %) was used, the presence of cerium did not affect catalytic properties. Copper overloading caused a rearrangement of present phases accompanied by the steep changes in reducibility, specific surface area, direct band gap, crystallinity, dispersion of CuO active phase and Cu2+ accessibility leading to the decrease in catalytic activity.Web of Science102art. no. 15

Problems With Organising Agglomeration Passenger Transport Network – The Case of Warsaw Agglomeration

The main achievement of the research was to present the problems of accessing public transport in Warsaw agglomeration. The case study of Sulejówek shows that there are a lot of difficulties with the regional transport network. On the one hand there are organisation issues as inefficient or luck of support of train transport and, on the other hand, bad quality of local roads. Nevertheless, the simulation presents that it is possible to organise bus lines which allow inhabitants the access to the local train stations. The next step of the research would be creating timetables for both presented solutions in combination with train timetables and choosing the optimal option for implementation. This kind of research could be the recommendations for local authorities which are in charge of public transport issues. If both modes of transport are covered by one common ticket, the whole system would operate on effective and high level

Determining Factors of Logistics Centres Development in Poland

This study aims to evaluate the possibility of development of logistics centres (LCs) in Poland. Currently in Poland (2015) there are 4 LCs which meet European requirements and standards. The supply of warehouse space in Poland is catered mainly by developers building numerous storage facilities. Very often, however, they are incorrectly called "logistic centres". The paper presents the most significant differences between LCs and storage centres. The authors assessed the potential location of LCs in Poland using a grading point method. Three groups of location have been thoroughly characterized and identified where, from the location and economics point of view, is the best to develop an LC

A new hybrid porphyrin-heteropolyacid material : synthesis, characterization and investigation as catalyst in Baeyer-Villiger oxidation : synergistic effect

A new tetraphenylporphyrin-tungstophosphoric acid hybrid was synthesized and physico-chemically characterized by different techniques. This hybrid, its molybdenum analogue, tungstophosphoric and molybdophosphoric acids as well as their Mn, Fe and Co salts were applied in Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone to caprolactone with molecular oxygen. Due to the synergistic effect porphyrin-heteropolyacid hybrids exhibit similar catalytic activity as appropriate heteropoly salts and much higher activity than parent heteropolyacids