Dynamic impedances of bridge abutments

The soil-structure interaction at bridge abutments may introduce important changes in the dynamic properties of short to medium span bridges. The paper presents the results obtained, through the use of the Boundary Element Method (B.E.M.) technique in several typical situations, including semiinfinite and layered media. Both stiffness and damping properties are included

Experimental and Analytical Study of Masonry Infill Reinforced Concrete Frames Retrofitted with Steel Braces

In the present work a seismic retrofitting technique is proposed for masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames based on the replacement of infill panels by K-bracing with vertical shear link. The performance of this technique is evaluated through experimental tests. A simplified numerical model for structural damage evaluation is also formulated according to the notions and principles of continuum damage mechanics. The proposed model is calibrated with the experimental results. The experimental results have shown an excellent energy dissipation capacity with the proposed technique. Likewise, the numerical predictions with the proposed model are in good agreement with experimental results

Multiple imputation approach for interval-censored time to HIV RNA viral rebound within a mixed effects Cox model

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: “Alarcón-Soto, Y, Langohr K., Fehér, C., García, F., and Gómez, G. (2018) Multiple imputation approach for interval-censored time to HIV RNA viral rebound within a mixed effects Cox Model.Biometrical journal, December 13th ”which has been published in final form at [doi: 10.1002/bimj.201700291]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.We present a method to fit a mixed effects Cox model with interval-censored data. Our proposal is based on a multiple imputation approach that uses the truncated Weibull distribution to replace the interval-censored data by imputed survival times and then uses established mixed effects Cox methods for right-censored data. Interval-censored data were encountered in a database corresponding to a recompilation of retrospective data from eight analytical treatment interruption (ATI) studies in 158 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) suppressed individuals. The main variable of interest is the time to viral rebound, which is defined as the increase of serum viral load (VL) to detectable levels in a patient with previously undetectable VL, as a consequence of the interruption of cART. Another aspect of interest of the analysis is to consider the fact that the data come from different studies based on different grounds and that we have several assessments on the same patient. In order to handle this extra variability, we frame the problem into a mixed effects Cox model that considers a random intercept per subject as well as correlated random intercept and slope for pre-cART VL per study. Our procedure has been implemented in R using two packages: truncdist and coxme, and can be applied to any data set that presents both interval-censored survival times and a grouped data structure that could be treated as a random effect in a regression model. The properties of the parameter estimators obtained with our proposed method are addressed through a simulation study.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Elastostatics

In this chapter, we are going to describe the main features as well as the basic steps of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) as applied to elastostatic problems and to compare them with other numerical procedures. As we shall show, it is easy to appreciate the adventages of the BEM, but it is also advisable to refrain from a possible unrestrained enthusiasm, as there are also limitations to its usefulness in certain types of problems. The number of these problems, nevertheless, is sufficient to justify the interest and activity that the new procedure has aroused among researchers all over the world. Briefly speaking, the most frequently used version of the BEM as applied to elastostatics works with the fundamental solution, i.e. the singular solution of the governing equations, as an influence function and tries to satisfy the boundary conditions of the problem with the aid of a discretization scheme which consists exclusively of boundary elements. As in other numerical methods, the BEM was developed thanks to the computational possibilities offered by modern computers on totally "classical" basis. That is, the theoretical grounds are based on linear elasticity theory, incorporated long ago into the curricula of most engineering schools. Its delay in gaining popularity is probably due to the enormous momentum with which Finite Element Method (FEM) penetrated the professional and academic media. Nevertheless, the fact that these methods were developed before the BEM has been beneficial because de BEM successfully uses those results and techniques studied in past decades. Some authors even consider the BEM as a particular case of the FEM while others view both methods as special cases of the general weighted residual technique. The first paper usually cited in connection with the BEM as applied to elastostatics is that of Rizzo, even though the works of Jaswon et al., Massonet and Oliveira were published at about the same time, the reason probably being the attractiveness of the "direct" approach over the "indirect" one. The work of Tizzo and the subssequent work of Cruse initiated a fruitful period with applicatons of the direct BEM to problems of elastostacs, elastodynamics, fracture, etc. The next key contribution was that of Lachat and Watson incorporating all the FEM discretization philosophy in what is sometimes called the "second BEM generation". This has no doubt, led directly to the current developments. Among the various researchers who worked on elastostatics by employing the direct BEM, one can additionallly mention Rizzo and Shippy, Cruse et al., Lachat and Watson, Alarcón et al., Brebbia el al, Howell and Doyle, Kuhn and Möhrmann and Patterson and Sheikh, and among those who used the indirect BEM, one can additionally mention Benjumea and Sikarskie, Butterfield, Banerjee et al., Niwa et al., and Altiero and Gavazza. An interesting version of the indirct method, called the Displacement Discontinuity Method (DDM) has been developed by Crounh. A comprehensive study on various special aspects of the elastostatic BEM has been done by Heisse, while review-type articles on the subject have been reported by Watson and Hartmann. At the present time, the method is well established and is being used for the solution of variety of problems in engineering mechanics. Numerous introductory and advanced books have been published as well as research-orientated ones. In this sense, it is worth noting the series of conferences promoted by Brebbia since 1978, wich have provoked a continuous research effort all over the world in relation to the BEM. In the following sections, we shall concentrate on developing the direct BEM as applied to elastostatics

Propagación de ondas en sistemas de barras

La acción de una fuerza aplicada bruscamente a un sistema no se transmite simultáneamente a todas las zonas del mismo; en el instante inicial las zonas alejadas de la aplicación de la carga no se alteran, propagándose las deformaciones a través del sólido en forma de ondas elásticas. Si las dimensiones del sistema son grandes, el tiempo que las ondas tardan en atravesarlo es lo suficientemente grande como para ser considerados a efec tos prácticos. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en el estudio de la respuesta de sistemas elásticos formados por barras ante cargas aplicadas brúscamente o fuerzas variables en el tiempo por el método de las ondas características. El método exige unas determinadas relaciones entre las propiedades geométricas y las características del material que permite garantizar la periodicidad del movimiento y seguir, en los casos de ondas de corte y longitudinales, la forma del impulso sin distorsionarlo

Sobre la comprobación por cálculo de las columnas de alumbrado

Como es sabido, el diseño de alumbrado está siendo sometido a un importante proceso de revisión con objeto de homogeneizar los métodos utilizados en los diferentes países de la Comunidad Económica Europea. Este proceso de codificación abarca detalles geométricos, tolerancias, definición de acciones, métodos de carga, etc., algunos de los cuales se encuentran todavía en discusión. En este artículo se comentan algunos puntos relativos a los métodos de comprobación por cálculo. En particular se comparan las propuestas de la legislación española con la británica y algunos esfuerzos comunitarios. En opinión de los autores, un posible código español debería estar basado: a) En un enfoque en Estados Límites congruente con el resto de la normativa española y los Eurocódigos recientemente elaborados; b) La norma inglesa BS 5649-7 es una base aceptable para el establecimiento de la Norma Española si se acepta la sustitución de los coeficientes de ponderación por los recomendados en la Norma MV-103 y se sustituye la fórmula de interacción lineal por otra parabólica; c) Sería muy importante el establecimiento de las características de la luminaria tipo de acuerdo con los datos de uso. En particular sería deseable relacionar las limitaciones de flecha con la funcionalidad de la luminaria

Introducción a la fiabilidad estructural y algunas aplicaciones

El libro comienza haciendo referencia a la seguridad en los sistemas estructurales, centrándose específicamente en las incertidumbres, la fiabilidad estructural y los métodos de comprobación de la seguridad. Posteriormente se tratan algunos métodos de nivel II utilizados para valorar la probabilidad de fallo; así, se hace referencia al índice de fiabilidad en general y, en particular al de Cornell y al de Hasofer y Lind; respecto a los métodos de cálculo del índice de fiabilidad, se estudia el método de los momentos de segundo orden y el método de las estimaciones puntuales. Del método de los momentos de segundo orden se analizan las funciones de fallo no lineales, esquema iterativo, las variables correlacionadas y la transformación de variables aleatorias. El capítulo destinado a las normas basadas en los conceptos de fiabilidad estructural analiza la relación entre los métodos de comprobación de la seguridad nivel I y nivel ll, la obtención de los coeficientes de ponderación mediante el método de los momentos de segundo orden y los formatos de cálculo en valores medios y valores característicos para terminar con la aplicación de a un caso práctico. Finalmente, se realiza un estudio de niveles de seguridad en túneles, para lo que se realiza una descripción física del problema, se plantea un modelo matemático de cálculo y se realiza un análisis de la seguridad así como la caracterización de variables

"Hunc deum quis credet?" : some considerations on the belief in the divinity of emperors

There are abundant examples of negative assessments of cultic honors to Roman emperors by nineteenth- and twentieth-century researchers. In the minds of historians raised in modern societies, in which monotheistic Abrahamic religions usually reign supreme, this is a completely understandable a priori approach; nevertheless, it hinders a correct understanding of Roman society in antiquity. This paper examines the need to provide a complex answer to the question of whether the inhabitants of the Roman world really believed in the divinity of their rulers. A complex answer to the question can only emerge from a historical contextualization of the phenomenon under analysis, an examination of the imperial cult within the wider changes that were taking place in Roman religion at the time, and application of the necessary empathetic approach

Recommendations on seismic actions on bridges

The paper describes the main features of a technical Recommendation first draft on Seismic Actions on Bridges, promoted by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works (MOPT). Although much more research is needed to clarify the seismic behaviour of the vast class of problems present in port structures the current state of the art allows at least a classificaton of subjects and the establishment of minimum requirements to guide the design. Also the use of more refined methods for specially dangerous situations needs some general guidelines that contribute to mantein the design under reasonable safety margins. The Recommendations of the Spanish MOPT are a first try in those directions