Gut microbiota, diet, and obesity-related disorders - The good, the bad, and the future challenges

Diet has been shown to be a major factor in modulating the structure of the mammalian gut microbiota by providing specific nutrient sources and inducing environmental changes (pH, bile acids) in the gut ecosystem. Long-term dietary patterns and short-term interventions have been shown to induce changes in gut microbiota structure and function, with several studies revealing metabolic changes likely resulting from the host microbiota cross-talk, which ultimately could influence host physiology. However, a more precise identification of the specific dietary patterns and food constituents that effectively modulate the gut microbiota and bring a predictable benefit to the host metabolic phenotype is needed to establish microbiome-based dietary recommendations. Here, we briefly review the existing data regarding gut microbiota changes induced by different macronutrients and the resulting metabolites produced via their respective fermentation, including their potential effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders. We also discuss major limitations of current dietary intervention studies as well as future needs of applying cutting-edge “omic” techniques and of progressing in functional microbiota gene discovery to establish robust causal relationships between the dietary microbiota induced changes and metabolic health or disease.This works is supported by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program under the grant agreement no 613979 (MyNewGut) and grant AGL2014-52101-P from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Spain). The FPU scholarship of V. Cerrudo from MECD (Spain) is fully acknowledged.Peer reviewe

Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en España, 2019: informe del Grupo de Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria y Ambulatoria NADYA

RESUMEN Objetivo: comunicar los datos de nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) obtenidos del registro del grupo NADYA-SENPE (www.nadyasenpe.com) del año 2019. Material y métodos: análisis descriptivo de los datos recogidos de pacientes adultos y pediátricos con NPD en el registro NADYA-SENPE desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2019. Resultados: se registraron 283 pacientes (51,9 %, mujeres), 31 niños y 252 adultos procedentes de 47 hospitales españoles, lo que representa una tasa de prevalencia de 6,01 pacientes/millón de habitantes/año 2019. El diagnóstico más frecuente en los adultos fue “oncológico paliativo” y “otros” (21,0 %). En los niños fue la enfermedad de Hirschsprung junto a la enterocolitis necrotizante, las alteraciones de la motilidad intestinal y la pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica, con 4 casos cada uno (12,9 %). El primer motivo de indicación fue el síndrome del intestino corto tanto en los niños (51,6 %) como en los adultos (37,3 %). El tipo de catéter más utilizado fue el tunelizado tanto en los niños (75,9 %) como en los adultos (40,8 %). Finalizaron 68 episodios, todos en adultos: la causa más frecuente fue el fallecimiento (54,4 %). Pasaron a la vía oral el 38,2 %. Conclusiones: el número de centros y profesionales colaboradores con el registro NADYA va incrementándose. Se mantienen estables las principales indicaciones y los motivos de finalización de la NPD

The Glycolytic Versatility of Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 and Its Genome Response to Oligo and Polysaccharides

Bacteroides spp. are dominant components of the phylum Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota and prosper in glycan enriched environments. However, knowledge of the machinery of specific species isolated from humans (like Bacteroides uniformis) contributing to the utilization of dietary and endogenous sources of glycans and their byproducts is limited. We have used the cutting-edge nanopore-based technology to sequence the genome of B. uniformis CECT 7771, a human symbiont with a proven pre-clinical efficacy on metabolic and immune dysfunctions in obesity animal models. We have also used massive sequencing approaches to distinguish the genome expression patterns in response to carbon sources of different complexity during growth. At genome-wide level, our analyses globally demonstrate that B. uniformis strains exhibit an expanded glycolytic capability when compared with other Bacteroides species. Moreover, by studying the growth and whole-genome expression of B. uniformis CECT 7771 in response to different carbon sources, we detected a differential growth fitness and expression patterns across the genome depending on the carbon source of the culture media. The dietary fibers used exerted different effects on B. uniformis CECT 7771 activating different molecular pathways and, therefore, allowing the production of different metabolite types with potential impact on gut health. The genome and transcriptome analysis of B. uniformis CECT 7771, in response to different carbon sources, shows its high versatility to utilize both dietary and endogenous glycans along with the production of potentially beneficial end products for both the bacterium and the host, pointing to a mechanistic basis of a mutualistic relationship.This study was supported by grants RTC-2016-5396-1 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Spain). The contract to ABP is supported by the EU Project MyNewGut (No. 613979) from the 7th Framework Program. Authors also thank to Joan Vermeiren and to Cargill R&D Centre Europe for the kind donation of WBE fiber for experiments.Peer reviewe

The Glycolitic Versatility of Bacteroides Uniformis CECT 7771 and and Its Genome Response to Oligo and Polysaccharides.

[EN] Bacteroides spp. are dominant components of the phylum Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota and prosper in glycan enriched environments. However, knowledge of the machinery of specific species isolated from humans (like Bacteroides uniformis) contributing to the utilization of dietary and endogenous sources of glycans and their byproducts is limited. We have used the cutting-edge nanopore-based technology to sequence the genome of B. uniformis CECT 7771, a human symbiont with a proven pre-clinical efficacy on metabolic and immune dysfunctions in obesity animal models. We have also used massive sequencing approaches to distinguish the genome expression patterns in response to carbon sources of different complexity during growth. At genome-wide level, our analyses globally demonstrate that B. uniformis strains exhibit an expanded glycolytic capability when compared with other Bacteroides species. Moreover, by studying the growth and whole-genome expression of B. uniformis CECT 7771 in response to different carbon sources, we detected a differential growth fitness and expression patterns across the genome depending on the carbon source of the culture media. The dietary fibers used exerted different effects on B. uniformis CECT 7771 activating different molecular pathways and, therefore, allowing the production of different metabolite types with potential impact on gut health. The genome and transcriptome analysis of B. uniformis CECT 7771, in response to different carbon sources, shows its high versatility to utilize both dietary and endogenous glycans along with the production of potentially beneficial end products for both the bacterium and the host, pointing to a mechanistic basis of a mutualistic relationship.This study was supported by grants RTC-2016-5396-1 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Spain). The contract to ABP is supported by the EU Project MyNewGut (No. 613979) from the 7th Framework Program. Authors also thank to Joan Vermeiren and to Cargill R&D Centre Europe for the kind donation of WBE fiber for experiments.Benítez-Páez, A.; Gómez Del Pulgar, EM.; Sanz, Y. (2027). The Glycolitic Versatility of Bacteroides Uniformis CECT 7771 and and Its Genome Response to Oligo and Polysaccharides. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00383

Safety Assessment of Bacteroides Uniformis CECT 7771, a Symbiont of the Gut Microbiota in Infants

© 2020 by the authors.The formulation of next-generation probiotics requires competent preclinical studies to show their efficacy and safety status. This study aims to confirm the safety of the prolonged oral use of Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771, a strain that protected against metabolic disorders and obesity in preclinical trials, in a sub-chronic 90 day trial in animals. The safety assessment was conducted in male and female Wistar rats (n = 50) administered increasing doses (108 CFU/day, 109 CFU/day, or 1010 CFU/day) of B. uniformis CECT 7771, 1010 CFU/day of B. longum ATCC 15707T, which complies with the qualifying presumption of safety (QPS) status of the EU, or vehicle (placebo), as the control. Pancreatic, liver, and kidney functions and cytokine concentrations were analyzed. Bacterial translocation to peripheral tissues was evaluated, and colon integrity was investigated histologically. No adverse metabolic or tissue integrity alterations were associated with treatments; however, alanine aminotransferase levels and the ratio of anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum indicated a potentially beneficial role of B. uniformis CECT 7771 at specific doses. Additionally, the microbial community structure was modified by the interventions, and potentially beneficial gut bacteria were increased. The results indicated that the oral consumption of B. uniformis CECT 7771 during a sub-chronic 90 day study in rats did not raise safety concerns.This study was fully supported by the EU Project MyNewGut (Grant agreement No. 613979) from the European Commission 7th Framework Program.Peer reviewe

Cepa de Christensenella minuta y uso de la misma

Cepa de Christensenella minuta y uso de la misma. La presente invención se refiere a la cepa de Christensenella minuta DSM 32891, a sus componentes celulares, metabolitos, y moléculas secretadas, y a composiciones que comprenden los productos anteriores, así como al uso de dicha cepa para la prevención y/o tratamiento o de alteraciones del estado de ánimo o afectivas, como la depresión.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)A1 Solicitud de adición a la patent

Christensenellaceae bacteria including Christensenella minuta and uses thereof

The present invention relates to Christensenellaceae bacteria including Christensenella minuta strain DSM 32891, to the cellular components, metabolites and secreted molecules thereof, and to compositions that comprise the above products, and also to the use of said strain for the prevention and/or treatment of mood or affective disorders, such as depression, stress disorders, anxiety disorders and migraine.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnic

Impact of dietary fiber and fat on gut microbiota re-modeling and metabolic health

Background: Scientific evidence suggests that diet plays a role in obesity and its comorbidities, partly via its interactions with the individual's gut microbiota. Likewise, the individual's microbiota influences the efficacy of dietary interventions to reduce body weight. However, we require a better understanding of the key components of the gut microbiota that are responsive to specific diets and of their effects on energy balance in order to use this information in practice. Scope and approach: This review provides an up-to-date description of the influence of dietary fibers and fat on gut microbiota and the mechanisms presumably mediating their effects on metabolic health. We also discuss the main knowledge gaps and the need to gain greater understanding of the role of diet-microbe interactions in obesity and the associated comorbidities. Key findings and conclusions: Dietary fibers are major drivers of gut microbiota composition and function, stimulating the dominance of bacteria able to utilize these substrates as energy source, although effects vary depending on both the type of fiber and the individual's microbiota. However, the key bacteria and the primary and secondary metabolic pathways mediating specific fiber-induced effects on the metabolic phenotype remain unclear, and this information is necessary to personalize fiber-based interventions. The literature also shows that gut microbiota contributes to the adverse consequences of high-fat diets on the metabolic phenotype; however, little is known about the effects of dietary fat type. Further progress is expected from translational approaches integrating controlled dietary intervention human trials, combining functional omics technologies and physiological/clinical endpoints, and mechanistic studies in experimental models. This will ultimately help us to progress towards establishing informed microbiome-based dietary recommendations and interventions, which can contribute to tackling the obesity epidemic and its comorbidities.This works was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Program under the grant agreement no 613979 (MyNewGut) and by FUNDACION MAPFRE under grant ″Hernando de Larramendi″ call 2014.Peer reviewe

Complete Genome Sequence of Phascolarctobacterium faecium G 104, Isolated from the Stools of a Healthy Lean Donor

Phascolarctobacterium faecium is a strict anaerobe belonging to the Firmicutes phylum that is found abundantly in the human gastrointestinal tract. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of P. faecium G 104, a strain isolated from a fresh stool sample from a healthy lean donor.This work and the contract of E.M.G.D.P. were supported by the European Commission 7th Framework Program through the MyNewGut project (grant 613979). The contract of A.G. was supported by the European Commission H2020 Program through the EarlyCause project (grant 848158).Peer reviewe

Cepa de Bifidobacterium longum sub. infantis y uso de la misma

La presente invención se refiere a la cepa Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 9720, a sus componentes celulares, metabolitos, y moléculas secretadas, y a composiciones que comprenden los productos anteriores, así como al uso de dicha cepa para la prevención y/o tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales e inflamación de hígado, así como patologías derivadas, como por ejemplo la cirrosis de hígado. [ES]The present invention relates to the strain Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 9720, to its cellular components, metabolites and secreted molecules, and to compositions comprising said products, as well as to the use of the strain to prevent and/or treat inflammatory bowel disease and liver inflammation, as well as associated diseases, such as liver cirrhosis. [EN]Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Fundación de la Comunitat Valenciana para la Gestión de Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnic