¿Las primeras revoluciones modernas: una perspectiva comparada entre las Comunidades de Castilla y la Revolución Inglesa?

En el presente trabajo se analizan a través de un método comparativo dos de los principales movimientos sociales del Antiguo Régimen: las Comunidades de Castilla y la revolución inglesa. Con ello se quiere demostrar que ambos conflictos se pueden insertar dentro de dinámicas europeas más amplias y que a pesar de sus diferencias contextuales y temporales guardan muchos paralelismos. Se pretende defender aquellas interpretaciones que insertan tanto a las Comunidades de Castilla como a la revolución inglesa en la modernidad por presentar toda una serie de elementos pioneros, como soberanía nacional o monarquía mixta, que las diferencian del molde intelectual medieval. Se recogen las interpretaciones más recientes sobre las Comunidades de Castilla y la revolución inglesa, respectivamente, demostrando que se ha avanzando en esta línea de investigación y que se han cuestionado ciertos apriorismos que se creían incuestionables.In this paper the two most important social movements of the Old Regime, i.e., the Communities of Castile and the English Revolution are analyzed following a comparative method. The aim is to show that both conflicts can be inserted into a wider European dynamics and that despite their contextual and temporal differences, many parallels can be found . The focus is placed on the interpretations that insert both the Communities of Castile and the English Revolution into modernity by presenting a range of pioneering features such as national sovereignty or mixed monarchy, that make indeed them different from the medieval intellectual model. The most recent interpretations on the Communities of Castile and the English Revolution have been gathered, showing that advancement has been made in this line of research and that certain preconceptions, which were believed to be unquestionable, have been challenged

Imágenes, silencios y construcciones: la descripción e historia del Reino de las Islas Canarias de Leonardo Torriani

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se analiza la obra de Leonardo Torriani desde una perspectiva novedosa. Se pretende relacionar a Torriani y sus vistas de las Islas Canarias dentro de un contexto de esferas y relaciones del poder. Las imágenes de ciudades se concibieron como elementos propagandísticos para magnificar el poder de los monarcas. De esta manera, se busca relacionar las imágenes de otros importantes artistas como Wyngaerde, Texeira, Hoefnagel y pintores de imágenes en el Liber Chronicarum con aquellas representaciones que tendían a resaltar la magnificencia de las ciudades, y que constituían, en definitiva, el espejo de la grandeza de los monarcas. Las imágenes de Leonardo Torriani se insertan no sólo dentro de los límites de la topografía, sino también de la encomiástica, pues al fin y al cabo son reconstrucciones como lo fueron las imágenes de América realizadas por conquistadores. Atendiendo a la bibliografía empleada y el estudio comparativo con otras imágenes, podemos destacar las imágenes de Leonardo Torriani dentro del círculo de representaciones que tendían a resaltar el carácter de la comunidad de las ciudades, en definitiva, la civitas.ABSTRACT In this manuscript the figure of Leonardo Torriani is analyzed from a novel perspective. It is intended to relate Torriani and his views of the Canary Islands within a context of spheres and relations of power. The images of cities were conceived as propaganda elements to magnify the power of the monarchs. In this way, it seeks to relate the images of other important artists such as Wyngaerde, Texeira, Hoefnagel and image painters in the Liber Chronicarum with those representations that tended to highlight the magnificence of cities, and that constituted, ultimately, the mirror of the greatness of the monarchs. Leonardo Torriani's images are inserted not only within the limits of topography, but also within the limits of praise, since after all they are reconstructions like the images of America made by conquerors. Considering the bibliography used and the comparative study with other images, we can highlight the images of Leonardo Torriani within the circle of reconstructions that attended to highlight the character of the city community, in short, the civitasMáster en Historia Moderna: Monarquía de España, Siglos XVI-XVII

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Facile one-pot exfoliation and integration of 2D layered materials by dispersion in a photocurable polymer precursor

Efficient exfoliation of graphene and related materials (GRM) and fast and inexpensive integration/assembly are crucial to fulfil their full potential. A high degree of exfoliation in organic media can be achieved with high boiling point liquids that usually leave residues after drying, which is a handicap for many applications. Here, the effective exfoliation and dispersion of GRM in a vinyl monomer, which is subsequently converted to a functional polymer by photopolymerization, is reported. Nanocomposite membranes and three-dimensional objects are produced by the photo-curing process and stereolithography 3D printing, respectively.Fil: Gallardo, Carlos Alberto. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Pereyra, Jesica Yanina del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Martínez-Campos, Enrique. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: García, Carolina. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Acitores, David. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Casado-Losada, Isabel. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Gómez-Fatou, Marián A.. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Reinecke, Helmut. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Ellis, Gary. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Acevedo, Diego Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez-Hernández, Juan. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; EspañaFil: Salavagione, Horacio J.. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; Españ

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease

Reduction of cardiac imaging tests during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Italy. Findings from the IAEA Non-invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Background: In early 2020, COVID-19 massively hit Italy, earlier and harder than any other European country. This caused a series of strict containment measures, aimed at blocking the spread of the pandemic. Healthcare delivery was also affected when resources were diverted towards care of COVID-19 patients, including intensive care wards. Aim of the study: The aim is assessing the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac imaging in Italy, compare to the Rest of Europe (RoE) and the World (RoW). Methods: A global survey was conducted in May–June 2020 worldwide, through a questionnaire distributed online. The survey covered three periods: March and April 2020, and March 2019. Data from 52 Italian centres, a subset of the 909 participating centres from 108 countries, were analyzed. Results: In Italy, volumes decreased by 67% in March 2020, compared to March 2019, as opposed to a significantly lower decrease (p &lt; 0.001) in RoE and RoW (41% and 40%, respectively). A further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 summed up to 76% for the North, 77% for the Centre and 86% for the South. When compared to the RoE and RoW, this further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 in Italy was significantly less (p = 0.005), most likely reflecting the earlier effects of the containment measures in Italy, taken earlier than anywhere else in the West. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic massively hit Italy and caused a disruption of healthcare services, including cardiac imaging studies. This raises concern about the medium- and long-term consequences for the high number of patients who were denied timely diagnoses and the subsequent lifesaving therapies and procedures

International Impact of COVID-19 on the Diagnosis of Heart Disease

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected diagnosis and treatment of noncommunicable diseases. Its effects on delivery of diagnostic care for cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death worldwide, have not been quantified. Objectives: The study sought to assess COVID-19's impact on global cardiovascular diagnostic procedural volumes and safety practices. Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a worldwide survey assessing alterations in cardiovascular procedure volumes and safety practices resulting from COVID-19. Noninvasive and invasive cardiac testing volumes were obtained from participating sites for March and April 2020 and compared with those from March 2019. Availability of personal protective equipment and pandemic-related testing practice changes were ascertained. Results: Surveys were submitted from 909 inpatient and outpatient centers performing cardiac diagnostic procedures, in 108 countries. Procedure volumes decreased 42% from March 2019 to March 2020, and 64% from March 2019 to April 2020. Transthoracic echocardiography decreased by 59%, transesophageal echocardiography 76%, and stress tests 78%, which varied between stress modalities. Coronary angiography (invasive or computed tomography) decreased 55% (p &lt; 0.001 for each procedure). In multivariable regression, significantly greater reduction in procedures occurred for centers in countries with lower gross domestic product. Location in a low-income and lower–middle-income country was associated with an additional 22% reduction in cardiac procedures and less availability of personal protective equipment and telehealth. Conclusions: COVID-19 was associated with a significant and abrupt reduction in cardiovascular diagnostic testing across the globe, especially affecting the world's economically challenged. Further study of cardiovascular outcomes and COVID-19–related changes in care delivery is warranted

Impact of COVID-19 on Diagnostic Cardiac Procedural Volume in Oceania: The IAEA Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Objectives: The INCAPS COVID Oceania study aimed to assess the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac procedure volume provided in the Oceania region. Methods: A retrospective survey was performed comparing procedure volumes within March 2019 (pre-COVID-19) with April 2020 (during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic). Sixty-three (63) health care facilities within Oceania that perform cardiac diagnostic procedures were surveyed, including a mixture of metropolitan and regional, hospital and outpatient, public and private sites, and 846 facilities outside of Oceania. The percentage change in procedure volume was measured between March 2019 and April 2020, compared by test type and by facility. Results: In Oceania, the total cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was reduced by 52.2% from March 2019 to April 2020, compared to a reduction of 75.9% seen in the rest of the world (p&lt;0.001). Within Oceania sites, this reduction varied significantly between procedure types, but not between types of health care facility. All procedure types (other than stress cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR] and positron emission tomography [PET]) saw significant reductions in volume over this time period (p&lt;0.001). In Oceania, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) decreased by 51.6%, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) by 74.0%, and stress tests by 65% overall, which was more pronounced for stress electrocardiograph (ECG) (81.8%) and stress echocardiography (76.7%) compared to stress single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) (44.3%). Invasive coronary angiography decreased by 36.7% in Oceania. Conclusion: A significant reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was seen across all facility types in Oceania and was likely a function of recommendations from cardiac societies and directives from government to minimise spread of COVID-19 amongst patients and staff. Longer term evaluation is important to assess for negative patient outcomes which may relate to deferral of usual models of care within cardiology