Nomenclature of the hydrotalcite supergroup: Natural layered double hydroxides

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) compounds are characterized by structures in which layers with a brucite-like structure carry a net positive charge, usually due to the partial substitution of trivalent octahedrally coordinated cations for divalent cations, giving a general layer formula [( M 2+ 1-x M 3+ x )(OH)2] x +. This positive charge is balanced by anions which are intercalated between the layers. Intercalated molecular water typically provides hydrogen bonding between the brucite layers. In addition to synthetic compounds, some of which have significant industrial applications, more than 40 mineral species conform to this description. Hydrotalcite, Mg6Al2(OH) 16[CO3]•4H2O, as the longest-known example, is the archetype of this supergroup of minerals. We review the history, chemistry, crystal structure, polytypic variation and status of all hydrotalcite-supergroup species reported to date. The dominant divalent cations, M 2+, that have been reported in hydrotalcite supergroup minerals are Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn; the dominant trivalent cations, M 3+, are Al, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. The most common intercalated anions are (CO3)2-, (SO4)2- and Cl -; and OH-, S2- and [Sb(OH)6] - have also been reported. Some species contain intercalated cationic or neutral complexes such as [Na(H2O)6]+ or [MgSO4]0. We define eight groups within the supergroup on the basis of a combination of criteria. These are (1) the hydrotalcite group, with M 2+:M 3+ = 3:1 (layer spacing ∼7.8 Å); (2) the quintinite group, with M 2+:M 3+ = 2:1 (layer spacing ∼7.8 Å); (3) the fougèrite group, with M 2+ = Fe2+, M 3+ = Fe3+ in a range of ratios, and with O2- replacing OH- in the brucite module to maintain charge balance (layer spacing ∼7.8 Å); (4) the woodwardite group, with variable M 2+:M 3+ and interlayer [SO4] 2-, leading to an expanded layer spacing of ∼8.9 Å; (5) the cualstibite group, with interlayer [Sb(OH)6]- and a layer spacing of ∼9.7 Å; (6) the glaucocerinite group, with interlayer [SO4]2- as in the woodwardite group, and with additional interlayer H2O molecules that further expand the layer spacing to ∼11 Å; (7) the wermlandite group, with a layer spacing of ∼11 Å, in which cationic complexes occur with anions between the brucite-like layers; and (8) the hydrocalumite group, with M 2+ = Ca2+ and M 3+ = Al, which contains brucite-like layers in which the Ca:Al ratio is 2:1 and the large cation, Ca2+, is coordinated to a seventh ligand of 'interlayer' water. The principal mineral status changes are as follows. (1) The names manasseite, sjögrenite and barbertonite are discredited; these minerals are the 2H polytypes of hydrotalcite, pyroaurite and stichtite, respectively. Cyanophyllite is discredited as it is the 1M polytype of cualstibite. (2) The mineral formerly described as fougèrite has been found to be an intimate intergrowth of two phases with distinct Fe 2+:Fe3+ ratios. The phase with Fe2+:Fe 3+ = 2:1 retains the name fougèrite; that with Fe 2+:Fe3+ = 1:2 is defined as the new species trébeurdenite. (3) The new minerals omsite (IMA2012-025), Ni 2Fe3+(OH)6[Sb(OH)6], and mössbauerite (IMA2012-049), Fe3+ 6O 4(OH)8[CO3]•3H2O, which are both in the hydrotalcite supergroup are included in the discussion. (4) Jamborite, carrboydite, zincaluminite, motukoreaite, natroglaucocerinite, brugnatellite and muskoxite are identified as questionable species which need further investigation in order to verify their structure and composition. (5) The ranges of compositions currently ascribed to motukoreaite and muskoxite may each represent more than one species. The same applies to the approved species hydrowoodwardite and hydrocalumite. (6) Several unnamed minerals have been reported which are likely to represent additional species within the supergroup. This report has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association, voting proposal 12-B. We also propose a compact notation for identifying synthetic LDH phases, for use by chemists as a preferred alternative to the current widespread misuse of mineral names. © 2012 Mineralogical Society.Fil: Mills, S.J.. Museum Victoria; AustraliaFil: Christy, A.G.. Australian National University. Centre for Advanced Microscopy; AustraliaFil: Génin, J. M. R.. CNRS-Université de Lorraine; FranciaFil: Kameda, T.. Tohoku University. Graduate School of Environmental Studies; JapónFil: Colombo, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentin

Efficiency of multiple imputation to test for association in the presence of missing data

The presence of missing data in association studies is an important problem, particularly with high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps, because the probability that at least one genotype is missing dramatically increases with the number of markers. A possible strategy is to simply ignore the missing data and only use the complete observations, and, consequently, to accept a significant decrease of the sample size. Using Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 simulated data on which we removed some genotypes to generate different levels of missing data, we show that this strategy might lead to an important loss in power to detect association, but may also result in false conclusions regarding the most likely susceptibility site if another marker is in linkage disequilibrium with the disease susceptibility site. We propose a multiple imputation approach to deal with missing data on case-parent trios and evaluated the performance of this approach on the same simulated data. We found that our multiple imputation approach has high power to detect association with the susceptibility site even with a large amount of missing data, and can identify the susceptibility sites among a set of sites in linkage disequilibrium

Proteasome inhibitors: recent advances and new perspectives in medicinal chemistry

International audienceThe search for proteasome inhibitors began fifteen years ago. These inhibitors proved to be powerful tools for investigating many important cellular processes regulated by the ubiquitinproteasome pathway. Targeting the proteasome pathway can also lead to new treatments for disorders like cancer, muscular dystrophies, inflammation and immune diseases. This is already true for cancer; the FDA approved bortezomib, a potent proteasome inhibitor, for treating multiple myeloma in 2003, and mantle cell lymphoma in 2006. The chemical structures identified in some of the early proteasome inhibitors have led to the development of new anti-cancer drugs (CEP-18770, Carfilzomib, NPI-0052). All these molecules are covalent bonding inhibitors that react with the catalytic Thr1-O of the three types of active site. This review covers recent developments in medicinal chemistry of natural and synthetic proteasome inhibitors. Advances in non-covalent inhibitors that have no reactive group will be highlighted as they should minimize side-effects. New structures and new modes of action have been recently identified that open the door to new drug candidates for treating a range of diseases

Dealing with missing phase and missing data in phylogeny-based analysis

We recently described a new method to identify disease susceptibility loci, based on the analysis of the evolutionary relationships between haplotypes of cases and controls. However, haplotypes are often unknown and the problem of phase inference is even more crucial when there are missing data. In this work, we suggest using a multiple imputation algorithm to deal with missing phase and missing data, prior to a phylogeny-based analysis. We used the simulated data of Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (Problem 3, answer known) to assess the power of the phylogeny-based analysis to detect disease susceptibility loci after reconstruction of haplotypes by a multiple-imputation method. We compare, for various rates of missing data, the performance of the multiple imputation method with the performance achieved when considering only the most probable haplotypic configurations or the true phase. When only the phase is unknown, all methods perform approximately the same to identify disease susceptibility sites. In the presence of missing data however, the detection of disease susceptibility sites is significantly better when reconstructing haplotypes by multiple imputation than when considering only the best haplotype configurations

Choix de poèmes

Cet ouvrage, publié sous la direction de Taffy Martin et de Jean Pierre Pouzol, propose une sélection de treize poèmes de Moya Cannon accompagnés d’une traduction en français. Trois poèmes sont des inédits et datent de 2009, cinq poèmes sont tirés du recueil Oar et les cinq derniers de The Parchment Boat, comme l’indiquent les remerciements de la page 10. L’ouvrage est court (46 pages) et ne contient pas de paratexte, à part une brève postface intitulée « Repères » qui donne quelques éléments..