The Manor Garden in Larvik : an interpretation

Oppgaven omhandler en tolkning av sporene etter Herregårdshagen i Larvik. I oppgaven sees det på muligheter og begrensninger ved en gjenskapelse av anlegget. Oppgaven er ment som et innspill til Larvik kommune, Larvik Museum og andre interessenter i området rundt Herregården. Oppgavens mål er å gi en oversikt over eksisterende kunnskap om anlegget, utarbeide en tolkningsplan basert på et valgt historisk lag, og bruke funnene fra hagearkeologi høsten 2021 for å lage nye opptegninger for videre undersøkelser med hagearkeologi. Herregården i Larvik ble bygget i 1674 til stattholder Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve (1638 - 1704) som et representasjonssted og landsted i Larvik grevskap. Grevskapet ble opprettet i 1671 i Danmark-Norge. I tilknytning til Herregården ble det anlagt en hage med barokke trekk, med en størrelse som overgikk samtidens hager i Norge. Etter oppløsningen av Danmark-Norge i 1814 ble Herregårdshagen over en periode på hundre år gradvis bygget ned. Herregårdsbygget og deler av hagen ble restaurert og rekonstruert på 1920-tallet, etter datidens fremgangsmåter. I dag har Larvik Museum, ved Vestfoldsmuseene, omvisninger i Herregårdsbygget. Det har i mange år pågått en debatt rundt bruken av området, og om hagen skal gjenskapes nå som skolebyggene rett øst for Herregården står tomme. I oppgavens andre del presenterers dagens situasjon og kommunens visjoner for området. Den tredje delen omhandler verdier og begreper i tilknytning til historiske grøntanlegg, juridisk status for området og internasjonale føringer for bevaring og forvaltning av historiske grøntanlegg. Her diskuteres kort begrepsbruk i forbindelse med tilbakeføring av historiske hager, og den metodiske tilnærmingen som blir brukt i dag i forbindelse med rekonstruksjoner. I oppgavens fjerde del presenteres historien til Herregården for å kunne sette hagen inn i en historisk sammenheng og for å forstå hagens kulturminneverdi. De viktigste kildene til Herregårdshagen innenfor mitt oppgaveområde presenteres. Mulige forbilder for hageanlegget diskuteres og elementer i barokkens formale stil presenteres kort. Den femte delen av oppgaven omhandler en tolkning av kildemateriale. Kildematerialet har bestått av funn fra hagearkeologi, eldre kart og foto fra seint 1800-tall. Grevskapsarkivet i Larvik (1671-1821), som oppbevares på Statsarkivet i Kongsberg, er den viktigste kilden. Transkriberinger av en taksering fra hagen fra 1774 og hovedregnskaper er tatt i bruk. Avhandlingen til Lars Jacob Hvinden-Haug om den eldre barokken i Norge har vært en viktig kilde, da avhandlingen bygger på deler av grevskapsarkivene. Tolkningsarbeidet baserer seg også på befaringer til Herregården. Tolkningsarbeidet reiser spørsmål ved elementer fra tidligere fremstillinger, slik som hekker, terrassering og trappeløp. Tolkningsplanen inneholder forslag til høyder, slik terrenget i Herregårdshagen kan ha vært. Hagens utforming og størrelse illustreres ved bruk av perspektiver. Avslutningsvis gis det anbefalinger på et overordnet nivå for en gjenskapelse av hagen. Det argumenteres for at hagen bør gjenskapes så helhetlig som mulig hvis formålet er å skape en historisk hage med kulturminneverdi. Det sees på begrensninger og muligheter, og diskuteres hva dette vil si for den historiske verdien til hagen. Urbant landbruk foreslås som en annen bruk av kvarterene enn det som har vært opprinnelig. Dette for å styrke Herregårdshagen som en samlingsplass i Larvik by. Til slutt gis det kommentarer på hva som bør undersøkes ved videre arbeid med hagen.This thesis investigates how to interpret the traces of a former Manor Garden in Larvik, «Herregårdshagen», and looks at possibilities and limitations in a re-creation of the garden. The work is intended as a contribution to Larvik municipality, Larvik Museum and other stakeholders in connection with The Manor House «Herregården». The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of existing knowledge about the garden and make an interpretation-plan based on a historical layer. The aim is also to use the findings from garden archaeology to make new maps with adjusted measurements for further investigation with garden archaeology. Herregården in Larvik was built in 1674 to governor Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve (1638 - 1704) as a place of representation in Larvik county. The county was established in 1671 in Denmark-Norway. In connection with Herregården, a garden with baroque features was laid out, with a size that surpassed contemporary gardens in Norway. After the separation of Denmark and Norway in 1814, the Manor Garden was gradually demolished over a period of a hundred years. Herregården and parts of the garden was restored and reconstructed in the 1920s, according to the procedures at the time. Today, Larvik Museum, have guided tours of the building. There has been a debate for many years about the use of the area, and whether the garden should be recreated now that the school buildings east of Herregården are empty. The second part of this thesis presents the current situation and the municipality’s visions for the area. The third part presents values and definitions connected to green historical spaces, the legal status of the area and international guidelines for the preservation and management of historic gardens. Terms used in re-creation of historical gardens are discussed. The methodological approach that is used today, when working with historical gardens, is presented. In the fourth part of the thesis, the history of Herregården is presented to put the garden into a historical context and to understand the garden’s cultural heritage value. The most important sources for the part of the Manor Garden, inside the boundaries of this project, are presented. Gardens that might have had influence on the Manor Garden is discussed. The fifth part of this thesis deals with an interpretation of the source material. Source material has consisted of findings from garden archaeology, old maps and photos from late 1800s. An archive from Larvik county (1671 – 1821), that is kept at Statsarkivet in Kongsberg, is the most important source. Transcripts of an inventory of the garden from 1774 and transcripts of accounting lists are used. The dissertation of Lars Jacob Hvinden-Haug, which in part is based on the archive from Larvik county, has been an important source. The interpretation is also based on excursions to Herregården. The work raises questions about elements from previous interpretations, such as hedges, terracing, and stairs. The interpretation-plan contains suggestion of a terrain that the Manor Garden might have had. The interpretation-plan is illustrated using perspectives. Finally, recommendations are given at an overall level for a re-creation of the garden. It is argued that the garden should be recreated as holistically as possible if the purpose is to create a historic garden with cultural heritage value. Limitations and possibilities are looked at, and what the limitations means for the historical value of the garden. Urban agriculture is proposed as a new form of use, and the consequences of this is discussed. Finally, comments are given on what should be investigated in further work with the Manor Garden in Larvik.M-L

Self-Affinity in the Gradient Percolation Problem

We study the scaling properties of the solid-on-solid front of the infinite cluster in two-dimensional gradient percolation. We show that such an object is self affine with a Hurst exponent equal to 2/3 up to a cutoff-length proportional to the gradient to the power (-4/7). Beyond this length scale, the front position has the character of uncorrelated noise. Importantly, the self-affine behavior is robust even after removing local jumps of the front. The previously observed multi affinity, is due to the dominance of overhangs at small distances in the structure function. This is a crossover effect.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Cluster evolution in steady-state two-phase flow in porous media

We report numerical studies of the cluster development of two-phase flow in a steady-state environment of porous media. This is done by including biperiodic boundary conditions in a two-dimensional flow simulator. Initial transients of wetting and non-wetting phases that evolve before steady-state has occurred, undergo a cross-over where every initial patterns are broken up. For flow dominated by capillary effects with capillary numbers in order of $10^{-5}$, we find that around a critical saturation of non-wetting fluid the non-wetting clusters of size $s$ have a power-law distribution $n_s \sim s^{-\tau}$ with the exponent $\tau = 1.92 \pm 0.04$ for large clusters. This is a lower value than the result for ordinary percolation. We also present scaling relation and time evolution of the structure and global pressure.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures. Minor corrections. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

The N-steps Invasion Percolation Model

A new kind of invasion percolation is introduced in order to take into account the inertia of the invader fluid. The inertia strength is controlled by the number N of pores (or steps) invaded after the perimeter rupture. The new model belongs to a different class of universality with the fractal dimensions of the percolating clusters depending on N. A blocking phenomenon takes place in two dimensions. It imposes an upper bound value on N. For pore sizes larger than the critical threshold, the acceptance profile exhibits a permanent tail.Comment: LaTeX file, 12 pages, 5 ps figures, to appear in Physica

Large scale numerical simulations of "ultrametric" long-range depinning

The depinning of an elastic line interacting with a quenched disorder is studied for long range interactions, applicable to crack propagation or wetting. An ultrametric distance is introduced instead of the Euclidean distance, allowing for a drastic reduction of the numerical complexity of the problem. Based on large scale simulations, two to three orders of magnitude larger than previously considered, we obtain a very precise determination of critical exponents which are shown to be indistinguishable from their Euclidean metric counterparts. Moreover the scaling functions are shown to be unchanged. The choice of an ultrametric distance thus does not affect the universality class of the depinning transition and opens the way to an analytic real space renormalization group approach.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.

Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory samples from patients in Scandinavia by polymerase chain reaction

ObjectiveTo investigate the use of DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly in human respiratory specimens.MethodsThe PCR assay employed was the Amplicor M. tuberculosis Test (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland), which uses the 16S rDNA as the target template. Nine hundred and sixty samples from 741 patients in two clinical microbiology laboratories in Norway and Sweden were processed by routine culture analysis and PCR.ResultsOf the 56 specimens containing cultivatable M. tuberculosis, 49 (87.5%) were detected by PCR. Among the 904 culture-negative specimens, 897 samples were negative also by PCR and seven (0.8%) were positive by PCR. In comparison with culture, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of PCR were 91.7%, 99.6%, 94.2% and 99.4% for laboratory 1 and 80.0%, 98.7%, 76.2% and 99.0% for laboratory 2, respectively. For both laboratories combined the values were 87.5%, 99.2%, 87.5% and 99.2%.ConclusionsThese results indicate that multiple (two or three) respiratory samples from each patient should be tested, to allow sufficient accuracy in detecting M. tuberculosis in the specimens. Still, the labor-intensive format of this test necessitates strong clinical indications and patient prioritization to provide a service feasible within the current limits of routine laboratories

Plastic Response of a 2D Lennard-Jones amorphous solid: Detailed analysis of the local rearrangements at very slow strain-rate

We analyze in details the atomistic response of a model amorphous material submitted to plastic shear in the athermal, quasistatic limit. After a linear stress-strain behavior, the system undergoes a noisy plastic flow. We show that the plastic flow is spatially heterogeneous. Two kinds of plastic events occur in the system: quadrupolar localized rearrangements, and shear bands. The analysis of the individual motion of a particle shows also two regimes: a hyper-diffusive regime followed by a diffusive regime, even at zero temperature

Viscous stabilization of 2D drainage displacements with trapping

We investigate the stabilization mechanisms due to viscous forces in the invasion front during drainage displacement in two-dimensional porous media using a network simulator. We find that in horizontal displacement the capillary pressure difference between two different points along the front varies almost linearly as function of height separation in the direction of the displacement. The numerical result supports arguments taking into account the loopless displacement pattern where nonwetting fluid flow in separate strands (paths). As a consequence, we show that existing theories developed for viscous stabilization, are not compatible with drainage when loopless strands dominate the displacement process.Comment: The manuscript has been substantially revised. Accepted in Phys. Rev. Let

Macroscopic Equations of Motion for Two Phase Flow in Porous Media

The established macroscopic equations of motion for two phase immiscible displacement in porous media are known to be physically incomplete because they do not contain the surface tension and surface areas governing capillary phenomena. Therefore a more general system of macroscopic equations is derived here which incorporates the spatiotemporal variation of interfacial energies. These equations are based on the theory of mixtures in macroscopic continuum mechanics. They include wetting phenomena through surface tensions instead of the traditional use of capillary pressure functions. Relative permeabilities can be identified in this approach which exhibit a complex dependence on the state variables. A capillary pressure function can be identified in equilibrium which shows the qualitative saturation dependence known from experiment. In addition the new equations allow to describe the spatiotemporal changes of residual saturations during immiscible displacement.Comment: 15 pages, Phys. Rev. E (1998), in prin

From Individual to Collective Pinning: Effect of Long-range Elastic Interactions

We study the effect of long-range elastic interactions in the dynamical behavior of an elastic chain driven quasi-statically in a quenched random pinning potential and in the strong pinning limit. This is a generic situation occuring in solid friction, crack propagation, wetting front motion, ... Tuning the exponent of the algebraic decay of the elastic interaction with the distance is shown to give rise to three regimes: a Mean-Field (MF) regime, a Laplacian (L) regime and an intermediate regime where the critical exponents interpolate continuously between the MF and L limit cases. The effect of the driving mode on the avalanche statistics is also analyzed.Comment: 28 pages in RevTex, 17 figure