Effectively managing headteacher performance:final report.

This document is one of a set of reports about the study of the effective management of headteacher performance in schools in England. This report is the full report, including the executive summary; details about the framework and design of the study; a review of the international literature on performance management of senior leaders in education and related sectors; analysis of empirical data collected for the study; discussion of significant issuesarising from the analysis; and a summary of main findings and implications drawing on the analysis and review of literature.We recommend that you read all the reports to understand the research fully. These documents are available on from gov.uk. The complete set of reports includes the following: Research brief A summary of key areas for consideration by governors and those directly involved in the process of headteacher performance management. Full reportThe full report, including the executive summary; details about the framework and design of the study; a review of the international literature on performance management of senior leaders in education and related sectors; analysis of empirical data collected for the study; discussion of significant issues arising from the analysis; and a summary of main findings and implications drawing on the analysis and review of literature. Case Studies (Annexe A)Ten case studies drawn from the research to illustrate approaches to headteacher performance management in a variety of schools and school groups around England. Vignettes (Annexe B)Twelve examples of important research themes contextualised in specific school settings

Assessing the surface material quality of unpaved rural roads to understand susceptibility to surface deterioration. A case study of four rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Road surface deterioration is one of the most common problems of unpaved road networks worldwide. It is areduction in the performance of a road due to a decline in road surface material quality. Accumulated damagefrom vehicles, environmental and physical effects may contribute to a decline in the surface material quality andhence deterioration on an unpaved road surface. This study assesses the surface material quality of unpaved ruralroads in four rural areas in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa in order to understand susceptibility tosurface deterioration. The study further establishes other possible factors such as slope gradient and rainfall, thatcould determine the surface material quality. Soil samples were collected from R3, R4, and R5 road classes infour rural areas which are: Emazabekweni, Dukuza, Mkhunya and Mhlwazini Area. Laboratory analyses wereconducted in order to determine the performance of the material as potential wearing course. Material per-formance was then determined using the Standard Methods of Testing Road Construction Materials (TMH1:1976) classification method. The results obtained imply that there is a need for better material selection duringthe construction of unpaved road networks. All road classes in Mkhunya, Emazabekweni and Mhlwazini areasexhibited grading coefficient (Gc) values less than 16 and some of the shrinkage product (Sp) values in excess of365, corresponding to a classification of Class D, A and B. These results indicate material that is susceptible toslippery conditions, easily erodible and prone to the formation of ravels and corrugations. Correlation analysisresults conducted to assess the individual relationship between measured rainfall and slope with field shrinkageproduct and grading coefficient values in each area indicated that variation in slope better explains shrinkageproduct values in each area with an R2of 0.62 when compared to rainfall producing a lower R2of 0.57. Forgrading coefficient, slope and rainfall produced similar R2of 0.65 and 0.67, respectively

Multiorgan MRI findings after hospitalisation with COVID-19 in the UK (C-MORE): a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study

Introduction: The multiorgan impact of moderate to severe coronavirus infections in the post-acute phase is still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities after hospitalisation with COVID-19, evaluate their determinants, and explore associations with patient-related outcome measures. Methods: In a prospective, UK-wide, multicentre MRI follow-up study (C-MORE), adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital following COVID-19 who were included in Tier 2 of the Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) and contemporary controls with no evidence of previous COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody negative) underwent multiorgan MRI (lungs, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys) with quantitative and qualitative assessment of images and clinical adjudication when relevant. Individuals with end-stage renal failure or contraindications to MRI were excluded. Participants also underwent detailed recording of symptoms, and physiological and biochemical tests. The primary outcome was the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities (two or more organs) relative to controls, with further adjustments for potential confounders. The C-MORE study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04510025. Findings: Of 2710 participants in Tier 2 of PHOSP-COVID, 531 were recruited across 13 UK-wide C-MORE sites. After exclusions, 259 C-MORE patients (mean age 57 years [SD 12]; 158 [61%] male and 101 [39%] female) who were discharged from hospital with PCR-confirmed or clinically diagnosed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and Nov 1, 2021, and 52 non-COVID-19 controls from the community (mean age 49 years [SD 14]; 30 [58%] male and 22 [42%] female) were included in the analysis. Patients were assessed at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 4·2–6·3) after hospital discharge. Compared with non-COVID-19 controls, patients were older, living with more obesity, and had more comorbidities. Multiorgan abnormalities on MRI were more frequent in patients than in controls (157 [61%] of 259 vs 14 [27%] of 52; p<0·0001) and independently associated with COVID-19 status (odds ratio [OR] 2·9 [95% CI 1·5–5·8]; padjusted=0·0023) after adjusting for relevant confounders. Compared with controls, patients were more likely to have MRI evidence of lung abnormalities (p=0·0001; parenchymal abnormalities), brain abnormalities (p<0·0001; more white matter hyperintensities and regional brain volume reduction), and kidney abnormalities (p=0·014; lower medullary T1 and loss of corticomedullary differentiation), whereas cardiac and liver MRI abnormalities were similar between patients and controls. Patients with multiorgan abnormalities were older (difference in mean age 7 years [95% CI 4–10]; mean age of 59·8 years [SD 11·7] with multiorgan abnormalities vs mean age of 52·8 years [11·9] without multiorgan abnormalities; p<0·0001), more likely to have three or more comorbidities (OR 2·47 [1·32–4·82]; padjusted=0·0059), and more likely to have a more severe acute infection (acute CRP >5mg/L, OR 3·55 [1·23–11·88]; padjusted=0·025) than those without multiorgan abnormalities. Presence of lung MRI abnormalities was associated with a two-fold higher risk of chest tightness, and multiorgan MRI abnormalities were associated with severe and very severe persistent physical and mental health impairment (PHOSP-COVID symptom clusters) after hospitalisation. Interpretation: After hospitalisation for COVID-19, people are at risk of multiorgan abnormalities in the medium term. Our findings emphasise the need for proactive multidisciplinary care pathways, with the potential for imaging to guide surveillance frequency and therapeutic stratification

A sobriety movement among the Shuswap Indians of Alkali Lake

Twenty years ago the Shuswap Indian community of Alkali Lake was like many other reserve communities in the northern Interior of British Columbia, with life characterized by high levels of drinking, violence, suicide, accidental death, and child abuse and neglect. In 1973 this pattern of life was challenged by the newly-elected Band chief and his wife. Working as a team, and by drawing upon the powers of the Band Office and applying confrontational tactics, the two initiated an anti-alcohol campaign in the community. For three years the chief and his wife persisted, despite extreme hostility and occasional threats against their lives. In 1976 their efforts began to achieve success. By 1981 most adults on the reserve had become committed to a sober lifestyle, and by 1985 the reserve was essentially "dry". This thesis traces the development of the recent events at Alkali Lake. To refer to these events the term "Sobriety movement" has been used. The movement is analyzed largely from a political processual point of view, with attention paid not to the underlying sources of "deprivation" or "stress" that may have generated the movement, but to the strategies and tactics utilized by the movement leaders to promote their cause. In this manner the resource mobilization approach to the study of social movements provides an analytical framework for this study. Several factors are identified as key ingredients in the success of the Sobriety movement. First, the Band chief and his wife were able to use effectively the powers of the Band Office to impose economic sanctions on drinkers. Second, as community leaders they were able to solicit the aid of powerful outside agencies, namely the R.C.M.P. and the Ministry of Human Resources, to support them in their efforts. Third, the personal resources of the two leaders - their courage, strength and determination -were crucial to the movement's survival during its early years. The success of the Sobriety movement can not be understood simply by looking at the leaders' actions. The social and cultural context within which they operated must also be considered. Three underlying and fundamentally important factors are identified: the pre-existence of a strong sense of community within the Alkali Lake village, the inherent readiness of the Alkali Lake people for new leadership and social change, and the use by the Band chief of a leadership tradition that permitted the application of strict punishment as a means of social control.Arts, Faculty ofAnthropology, Department ofGraduat

Aboriginal Justice, the Media, and the Symbolic Management of Aboriginal/Euro-Canadian Relations

In 1992 the government of British Columbia launched a public inquiry to investigate persistent allegations that Aboriginal people in the central interior of the province were being subjected to racial prejudice and unfair treatment by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the provincial justice system. Over a six-month period the Cariboo Chilcotin justice inquiry held hearings in ten of the fifteen Tsilhqot’in, Carrier, and Secwepemc reserve communities of the region. Aboriginal people brought forth almost two hundred incidents of complaint, including allegations of police assaults in jail cells, inadequate responses to calls for help, abuses of police authority, and poor representation by lawyers. The commission’s final report concluded that problems of racial prejudice, discrimination, and cultural incompatibility were widespread between Aboriginal people and the justice system. The Cariboo Chilcotin justice inquiry is one of the more recent of a series of public inquiries, hearings, task forces, and royal commissions in the last decade examining the relationship between Aboriginal people and the Canadian justice system. The highly publicized cases of the wrongful incarceration of Mi’kmaq Donald Marshal, the shooting death of Manitoba Native leader J. J. Harper, and the murder of Helen Betty Osborne in La Pas, Manitoba, along with the more recent shooting by an RCMP officer of Connie Jacobs and her young son in their home on an Alberta reserve, have drawn much public attention to the complex ways in which factors of racism, poverty, gender, culture, and history are implicated in the difficulties that Aboriginal people across Canada continue to experience in their dealings with Canadian justice