371 research outputs found

    A Closed Contour of Integration in Regge Calculus

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    The analytic structure of the Regge action on a cone in dd dimensions over a boundary of arbitrary topology is determined in simplicial minisuperspace. The minisuperspace is defined by the assignment of a single internal edge length to all 1-simplices emanating from the cone vertex, and a single boundary edge length to all 1-simplices lying on the boundary. The Regge action is analyzed in the space of complex edge lengths, and it is shown that there are three finite branch points in this complex plane. A closed contour of integration encircling the branch points is shown to yield a convergent real wave function. This closed contour can be deformed to a steepest descent contour for all sizes of the bounding universe. In general, the contour yields an oscillating wave function for universes of size greater than a critical value which depends on the topology of the bounding universe. For values less than the critical value the wave function exhibits exponential behaviour. It is shown that the critical value is positive for spherical topology in arbitrary dimensions. In three dimensions we compute the critical value for a boundary universe of arbitrary genus, while in four and five dimensions we study examples of product manifolds and connected sums.Comment: 16 pages, Latex, To appear in Gen. Rel. Gra

    Spallation Residues in the Reaction 56Fe + p at 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 A GeV

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    The spallation residues produced in the bombardment of 56}Fe at 1.5, 1.0, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.3 A GeV on a liquid-hydrogen target have been measured using the reverse kinematics technique and the Fragment Separator at GSI (Darmstadt). This technique has permitted the full identification in charge and mass of all isotopes produced with cross-sections larger than 10^{-2} mb down to Z=8. Their individual production cross-sections and recoil velocities at the five energies are presented. Production cross-sections are compared to previously existing data and to empirical parametric formulas, often used in cosmic-ray astrophysics. The experimental data are also extensively compared to different combinations of intra-nuclear cascade and de-excitation models. It is shown that the yields of the lightest isotopes cannot be accounted for by standard evaporation models. The GEMINI model, which includes an asymmetric fission decay mode, gives an overall good agreement with the data. These experimental data can be directly used for the estimation of composition modifications and damages in materials containing iron in spallation sources. They are also useful for improving high precision cosmic-ray measurements.Comment: Submited to Phys. Rev. C (10/2006

    Ancient Cytokine Interleukin 15-Like (IL-15L) Induces a Type 2 Immune Response

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    Acknowledgments We thank Mrs. Susann Schares and Katrin Giesow for excellent technical assistance and Dr. Gunther Keil for his valuable advice regarding expression of recombinant proteins in insect cells. We also thank Prof. Oriol Sunyer from the University of Pennsylvania, USA, for providing us mAbs against rainbow trout CD4. A large part of this manuscript has been released as a pre-print (116). Funding TY and UF were supported by the EU FP7 Grant 311993 (TARGETFISH) and the German Research Council Grant No. FI 604/7-1. JD was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research No. 25450319. TW received funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland), that was funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011). EW was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Thailand and Mahasarakham University.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Recoil Studies in the Reaction of 12-C Ions with the Enriched Isotope 118-Sn

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    The recoil properties of the product nuclei from the interaction of 2.2 GeV/nucleon 12-C ions from Nuclotron of the Laboratory of High Energies (LHE), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) at Dubna with a 118-Sn target have been studied using catcher foils. The experimental data were analyzed using the mathematical formalism of the standard two-step vector model. The results for 12-C ions are compared with those for deuterons and protons. Three different Los Alamos versions of the Quark-Gluon String Model (LAQGSM) were used for comparison with our experimental data.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Nucl. Phys.

    Variation of nonequilibrium processes in p+Ni system with beam energy

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    The energy and angular dependence of double differential cross sections dsigma/dOmega dE were measured for p, d, t, 3,4He, 6,7Li, 7,9Be, and 10,11B produced in collisions of 0.175 GeV protons with Ni target. The analysis of measured dfferential cross sections allowed to extract total production cross sections for ejectiles listed above. The shape of the spectra and angular distributions indicate the presence of other nonequilibrium processes besides the emission of nucleons from the intranuclear cascade, and besides the evaporation of various particles from remnants of intranuclear cascade. These nonequilibrium processes consist of coalescence of nucleons into light charged particles during the intranuclear cascade, of the fireball emission which contributes to the cross sections of protons and deuterons, and of the break-up of the target nucleus which leads to the emission of intermediate mass fragments. All such processes were found earlier at beam energies 1.2, 1.9, and 2.5 GeV for Ni as well as for Au targets, however, significant differences in properties of these processes at high and low beam energy are observed in the present study.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure

    Competition of coalescence and "fireball" processes in nonequilibrium emission of light charged particles from p+Au collisions

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    The energy and angular dependence of double differential cross sections was measured for p,d,t,He,Li,Be, and B isotopes produced in collisions of 1.2 and 1.9 GeV protons with Au target. The shape of the spectra and angular distributions almost does not change in the beam energy range from 1.2 to 2.5 GeV, however, the absolute value of the cross sections increases for all ejectiles. A phenomenological model of two emitting, moving sources reproduces very well spectra and angular distributions of intermediate mass fragments. Double differential cross sections for light charged particles (LCP) were analyzed in the frame of the microscopic model of intranuclear cascade (INC) with coalescence of nucleons and statistical model for evaporation of particles from excited residual nuclei. Energy and angular dependencies of data agree satisfactorily neither with predictions of microscopic intranuclear cascade calculations for protons, nor with coalescence calculations for other LCP. Phenomenological inclusion of another reaction mechanism - emission of LCP from a "fireball", i.e., fast and hot moving source - combined with the microscopic model calculations of INC, coalescence and evaporation of particles leads to very good description of the data. It was found that nonequilibrium processes are very important for production of LCP. They exhaust 40-80% of the total cross sections - depending on the emitted particles. Coalescence and "fireball" emission give comparable contributions to the cross sections with exception of 3He data where coalescence clearly dominates. The ratio of sum of all nonequilibrium processes to those proceeding through stage of statistical equilibrium does almost not change in the beam energy range from 1.2 GeV to 2.5 GeV for all light charged particles.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, IV tables, \pacs{25.40.-h,25.40.Sc,25.40.Ve

    CEM03 and LAQGSM03 - new modeling tools for nuclear applications

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    An improved version of the Cascade-Exciton Model (CEM) of nuclear reactions realized in the code CEM2k and the Los Alamos version of the Quark-Gluon String Model (LAQGSM) have been developed recently at LANL to describe reactions induced by particles and nuclei for a number of applications. Our CEM2k and LAQGSM merged with the GEM2 evaporation/fission code by Furihata have predictive powers comparable to other modern codes and describe many reactions better than other codes; therefore both our codes can be used as reliable event generators in transport codes for applications. During the last year, we have made a significant improvements to the intranuclear cascade parts of CEM2k and LAQGSM, and have extended LAQGSM to describe photonuclear reactions at energies to 10 GeV and higher. We have produced in this way improved versions of our codes, CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01. We present a brief description of our codes and show illustrative results obtained with CEM03.01 and LAQGSM03.01 for different reactions compared with predictions by other models, as well as examples of using our codes as modeling tools for nuclear applications.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, to be published in Journal of Physics: Conference Series: Proc. Europhysics Conf. on New Trends in Nuclear Physics Applications and Technologies (NPDC19), Pavia, Italy, September 5-9, 200
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