Characterisation of semi-solid deformation behaviour of aluminium-copper alloys via combined x-ray microtomography and nite element modelling

The production of aluminium sheet is expensive and energy intensive despite the reduced environmental impact during use. Twin roll casting is a method of directly producing aluminium alloys in near net shape directly to sheet at a fraction of the energy costs of conventional DC casting / hot rolling. It also requires a fraction of the capital cost. Although sheet can be produced, defects (segregates, surface bleeds, buckling, etc.) can arise which limit the range of alloys which can be cast. This project aims to elucidate the complex mechanisms causing these defects through a combined experimental and computational study of semi-solid deformation in aluminium alloys. Columnar dendritic structures were generated for Al-Cu alloys through directional solidi cation experiments and quanti ed in three dimensions (3D) using x-ray microtomography (XMT). The -Al and the Cu-rich interdendritic liquid were segmented using image analysis. These 3D datasets were exported as meshes to be used in control volume and nite element codes. Firstly, the ow between the dendrites was simulated by solving the Stokes equation and permeability tensor was calculated as a function of the fraction solid. The size of representative volume element was estimated to be 4-6 times the characteristic length scale in the microstructure. Secondly, nite element simulations were performed on 3D columnar dendritic structures to estimate their mechanical properties and derive constitutive behaviour as a function of temperature, strain-rate and fraction solid. Temperature and strain-rate dependent compression tests were performed in the Gleeble on alloys with dendritic composition to determine the mechanical properties of the monolithic Al-dendrites. The fraction solid dependency term in the constitutive equation was determined as a purely geometric factor which could be easily replicated in other alloys systems. Lastly, hot tearing was directly observed in an Al- 12 wt.%Cu alloy by combining x-ray/synchrotron radiography with a new tensile/compression apparatus capable of measuring strain, load and quantifying the microstructure during controlled solidi cation of Al alloy specimen. Using this new apparatus, the deformation of primary dendrites and the concomitant ow of Cu-rich interdendritic uid was observed during isothermal and constant cooling rate conditions. Initially, strain was observed to be accommodated by liquid ow, but as the load is increased, void formation combined with liquid necking between grains was prevalent

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF SOME SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM 2-AMINOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Various substituted acetophenones (1-5) on treatment with iodine and thiourea yielded 2-amino-4-(substituted-phenyl)-thiazole (1a-5a), which on further treatment with various substituted aldehydes to get N-(substitutedbenzylidene)-4-(substitutedphenyl) thiazol-2-amine (1b-5b). All the synthesized compounds were characterized by their respective FTIR, 1H NMR and mass data. Synthesized compounds (1b-5b) were subjected to investigation for their antibacterial and antifungal studies against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Asperigillus flavus and Asperigillus fumigatus by disk diffusion method. Compound 5b was found to be most effective with largest zone of inhibition.Key words: thiazole, acetophenones, antibacterial, antifungal, substituted aldehydes

Vol. IX, Tab 46 - Ex. 38 - Email from Prashant Fuloria (Google Product Management Director)

Exhibits from the un-sealed joint appendix for Rosetta Stone Ltd., v. Google Inc., No. 10-2007, on appeal to the 4th Circuit. Issue presented: Under the Lanham Act, does the use of trademarked terms in keyword advertising result in infringement when there is evidence of actual confusion

Vol. XXIII, Tab 60 - Ex. 7 - Email from Prashant Fuloria (Google Product Management Director)

Exhibits from the un-sealed joint appendix for Rosetta Stone Ltd., v. Google Inc., No. 10-2007, on appeal to the 4th Circuit. Issue presented: Under the Lanham Act, does the use of trademarked terms in keyword advertising result in infringement when there is evidence of actual confusion

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF SOME SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM 2-AMINOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Various substituted acetophenones (1-5) on treatment with iodine and thiourea yielded 2-amino-4-(substituted-phenyl)thiazole (1a-5a), which on further treatment with various substituted aldehydes to get N-(substitutedbenzylidene)-4(substitutedphenyl)thiazol-2-amine (1b-5b). All the synthesized compounds were characterized by their respective FTIR, H NMR and Mass data. Synthesized compounds (1b-5b) were subjected to investigation for their antibacterial and antifungal studies against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Asperigillus flavus and Asperigillus fumigatus by disk diffusion method. Compound 5b was found to be most effective with largest zone of inhibition

A Review on DNA Vaccines in Pre-Clinical Trials Against SARS-CoV-2

COVID 19 Pandemic is caused by the viral pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Scientific fraternity worldwide swiftly developed various types of vaccines for the prevention and as mitigation measures for curbing the pandemic. Traditional inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines (protein subunits such as spike proteins), and viral vector vaccines (non-replicating vectors with protein subunits) have been approved by World Health Organisation (WHO) for emergency use. The emergence of many mutated variants has been a worrying factor in the fight against the pandemic. There has been continuous research in the quest for more therapeutics, especially vaccines to curb and stop the pandemic. According to WHO, there are 194 vaccines in pre-clinical trials belonging to various types out of which sixteen is DNA vaccines. In this review, we have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the DNA vaccines for Covid - 19. This article tried to explore the available information on DNA vaccines and their current status against Covid – 19 which are in pre-clinical trials

Synthesis and antibacterial profile of novel azomethine derivatives of β-phenylacrolein moiety

Purpose: To develop some novel molecules effective against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.Methods: A series of azomethines (SB-1 to SB-6) were synthesized from β-phenyl acrolein moiety. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their UV ultra-violet (UV) spectroscopy (λmax: 200 - 400 nm), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR, vibrational frequency: 500-4000 cm-1), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, chemical shift: 0 - 10 ppm), 13C NMR (chemical shift: 0 - 200 ppm), mass spectrometry (m/z values: 0 - 500) and carbon hydrogen nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The new compounds were screened for antibacterial activity by test-tube dilution and disc diffusion methods using gentamicin as reference standard.Results: The structures of azomethine were in full agreement with their spectral data. Among all the synthesized compounds, compounds SB-5 and SB-6 exhibited the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 μg/mL. At MIC of 250 μg/mL, all compounds SB-1 to SB-6 displayed significant antibacterial activity, compared to gentamycin (p < 0.05). SB-5 and SB-6 were active against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae; SB-3 was active against B. subtilis and S. aureus. SB-4 was active against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus while SB-1 and SB-2 were active against S. aureus.Conclusion: The synthesized compounds possess antibacterial activities compared to those of gentamycin.Keywords: Acrolein, Imines, Azomethine, Antibacterial, Gentamycin, Minimum inhibitory concentratio

Fabrication of Tizanidine Loaded Patches Using Flaxseed Oil and Coriander Oil as a Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery

Transdermal drug delivery is important to maintain plasma drug concentrations for therapeutic efficacy. The current study reports the design, formulation, and evaluation of tizanidine transdermal patches formulated using chitosan and thiolated chitosan, ethyl cellulose (EC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Eudragit RL100 in different ratios. The tizanidine patches were formulated using flaxseed oil and coriander oil in the concentrations of 1% v/w, 2% v/w, 3% v/w, 4% v/w, 5% v/w, and 10% v/w. The patches were subjected to characterization of physicochemical property (thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, efficiency, percentage moisture uptake/loss), in vitro drug release and drug permeation, skin irritation, in vivo application, pharmacokinetics analysis, and stability studies. The results indicate that the interaction of thiolated chitosan with the negative charges of the skin opens the tight junctions of the skin, whereas flaxseed and coriander oils change the conformational domain of the skin. The novelty of this study is in the use of flaxseed and coriander oils as skin permeation enhancers for the formulation of tizanidine transdermal patches. The formulations follow non-Fickian drug release kinetics. The FTZNE23, FTZNE36 and FTZNE54, with 5% v/w flaxseed oil loaded formulations, exhibited higher flux through rabbit skin compared with FTZNE30, FTZNE35, FTZNE42, and FTZNE47, formulations loaded with 10% v/w coriander oil. The study concludes that flaxseed oil is a better choice for formulating tizanidine patches, offering optimal plasma concentration and therapeutic efficacy, and recommends the use of flaxseed and coriander oil based patches as a novel transdermal delivery system for tizanidine and related classes of drugs

Effect of ozone and antioxidants on wheat and its pathogen — Bipolaris sorokininana

Tropospheric ozone (O3) adversely affects growth and productivity of crops and also influences crop—pathogen interactions. Adverse effects of O3 on crops can be mitigated by antioxidants application. In the present study through lab and field experiments impact of O3 and antioxidants treatment to wheat was assessed on growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana (BS-75 strain) pathogen responsible for Spot blotch disease, pathogenesis related (PR) proteins and chitinase content. Results showed that growth of Bipolaris was significantly higher in elevated ozone (EO3) exposed plants as compared to control plants. Antioxidants — ascorbic acid (AA), tagetes extract (T) and quercetin (Q) application on culture media and wheat plants, respectively, retarded the growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana. Among the three antioxidants minimum growth of Bipolaris was observed in AA-treated plants as compared to control plants. Reduction in chitinase activity and PR proteins content due to EO3 treatment in wheat plants was 18% and 78%, respectively, as compared to control plants. Increase in chitinase activity and PR proteins content due to antioxidants treatment in wheat plants was 45% and 60%, respectively, as compared to control plants