35 research outputs found
Vacuum Energy as Spectral Geometry
Quantum vacuum energy (Casimir energy) is reviewed for a mathematical
audience as a topic in spectral theory. Then some one-dimensional systems are
solved exactly, in terms of closed classical paths and periodic orbits. The
relations among local spectral densities, energy densities, global eigenvalue
densities, and total energies are demonstrated. This material provides
background and motivation for the treatment of higher-dimensional systems
(self-adjoint second-order partial differential operators) by semiclassical
approximation and other methods.Comment: This is a contribution to the Proceedings of the 2007 Midwest
Geometry Conference in honor of Thomas P. Branson, published in SIGMA
(Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications) at
http://www.emis.de/journals/SIGMA
Tidal and nonequilibrium Casimir effects in free fall
In this work, we consider a Casimir apparatus that is put into free fall (e.g., falling into a black hole). Working in 1 + 1D, we find that two main effects occur: First, the Casimir energy density experiences a tidal effect where negative energy is pushed toward the plates and the resulting force experienced by the plates is increased. Second, the process of falling is inherently nonequilibrium and we treat it as such, demonstrating that the Casimir energy density moves back and forth between the plates after being “dropped,” with the force modulating in synchrony. In this way, the Casimir energy behaves as a classical liquid might, putting (negative) pressure on the walls as it moves about in its container. In particular, we consider this in the context of a black hole and the multiple vacua that can be achieved outside of the apparatus
Surface Vacuum Energy in Cutoff Models: Pressure Anomaly and Distributional Gravitational Limit
Vacuum-energy calculations with ideal reflecting boundaries are plagued by
boundary divergences, which presumably correspond to real (but finite) physical
effects occurring near the boundary. Our working hypothesis is that the stress
tensor for idealized boundary conditions with some finite cutoff should be a
reasonable ad hoc model for the true situation. The theory will have a sensible
renormalized limit when the cutoff is taken away; this requires making sense of
the Einstein equation with a distributional source. Calculations with the
standard ultraviolet cutoff reveal an inconsistency between energy and pressure
similar to the one that arises in noncovariant regularizations of cosmological
vacuum energy. The problem disappears, however, if the cutoff is a spatial
point separation in a "neutral" direction parallel to the boundary. Here we
demonstrate these claims in detail, first for a single flat reflecting wall
intersected by a test boundary, then more rigorously for a region of finite
cross section surrounded by four reflecting walls. We also show how the
moment-expansion theorem can be applied to the distributional limits of the
source and the solution of the Einstein equation, resulting in a mathematically
consistent differential equation where cutoff-dependent coefficients have been
identified as renormalizations of properties of the boundary. A number of
issues surrounding the interpretation of these results are aired.Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures, 1 table; PACS 03.70.+k, 04.20.Cv, 11.10.G
Stress tensor for a scalar field in a spatially varying background potential: Divergences, "renormalization," anomalies, and Casimir forces
Motivated by a desire to understand quantum fluctuation energy densities and
stress within a spatially varying dielectric medium, we examine the vacuum
expectation value for the stress tensor of a scalar field with arbitrary
conformal parameter, in the background of a given potential that depends on
only one spatial coordinate. We regulate the expressions by incorporating a
temporal-spatial cutoff in the (imaginary) time and transverse-spatial
directions. The divergences are captured by the zeroth- and second-order WKB
approximations. Then the stress tensor is "renormalized" by omitting the terms
that depend on the cutoff. The ambiguities that inevitably arise in this
procedure are both duly noted and restricted by imposing certain physical
conditions; one result is that the renormalized stress tensor exhibits the
expected trace anomaly. The renormalized stress tensor exhibits no pressure
anomaly, in that the principle of virtual work is satisfied for motions in a
transverse direction. We then consider a potential that defines a wall, a
one-dimensional potential that vanishes for and rises like ,
, for . The full finite stress tensor is computed numerically
for the two cases where explicit solutions to the differential equation are
available, and 2. The energy density exhibits an inverse linear
divergence as the boundary is approached from the inside for a linear
potential, and a logarithmic divergence for a quadratic potential. Finally, the
interaction between two such walls is computed, and it is shown that the
attractive Casimir pressure between the two walls also satisfies the principle
of virtual work (i.e., the pressure equals the negative derivative of the
energy with respect to the distance between the walls).Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure
Tidal and nonequilibrium Casimir effects in free fall
In this work, we consider a Casimir apparatus that is put into free fall (e.g., falling into a black hole). Working in 1 + 1D, we find that two main effects occur: First, the Casimir energy density experiences a tidal effect where negative energy is pushed toward the plates and the resulting force experienced by the plates is increased. Second, the process of falling is inherently nonequilibrium and we treat it as such, demonstrating that the Casimir energy density moves back and forth between the plates after being “dropped,” with the force modulating in synchrony. In this way, the Casimir energy behaves as a classical liquid might, putting (negative) pressure on the walls as it moves about in its container. In particular, we consider this in the context of a black hole and the multiple vacua that can be achieved outside of the apparatus