Reasons and Theories of Sensory Affect

Some sensory experiences are pleasant, some unpleasant. This is a truism. But understanding what makes these experiences pleasant and unpleasant is not an easy job. Various difficulties and puzzles arise as soon as we start theorizing. There are various philosophical theories on offer that seem to give different accounts for the positive or negative affective valences of sensory experiences. In this paper, we will look at the current state of art in the philosophy of mind, present the main contenders, critically compare and contrast them. In particular, we want to examine how they handle the reason-giving power of affective states. We will look into two representationalist proposals (Evaluativism and Imperativism) and a functionalist proposal, and argue that, contrary to their own advertisements, the representationalist proposals don’t have good accounts of why and how sensory affect can motivate, rationalize, and justify subsequent behavior and intentional mental activity. We will show that our own functionalist proposal does a much better job in this regard, and that when the representationalist proposals are modified to do a better job, they fare better not because of their representationalist credentials but due to their functionalist ones

'One size fits all'? Ð The relationship between the value of genetic traits and the farm system

The wide use of artificial insemination by dairy farmers has facilitated the development of a multi-billion dollar international market in animal genetics. In the major western dairy producing nations, each country has developed a single index to rank bulls, based on the value of traits they are expected to pass on to their offspring. One of the assumptions behind these indexes is that there is a positive linear relationship between profit (and welfare) with increases in a particular trait, regardless of the farm system. In this paper, it is shown, with examples, that the assumption of linearity is false. More importantly, it is shown that for a combination of reasons, including risk aversion, constraints and other issues, the optimal direction of genetic improvement for New Zealand dairy farmers on an individual and industry level could be quite different. Alternatives to the Òone size fits allÓ index are described.

Implementation of a point-of-care ultrasound skills practicum for hospitalists

Introduction Point-of-care ultrasound is recognized as a safe and valuable diagnostic tool for patient evaluation. Hospitalists are prime candidates for advancing the point-of-care ultrasound field given their crucial role in inpatient medicine. Despite this, there is a notable lack of evidence-based ultrasound training for hospitalists. Most research focuses on diagnostic accuracy rather than the training required to achieve it. This study aims to improve hospitalists' point-of-care ultrasound knowledge and skills through a hands-on skills practicum. Methods Four skill practicums were conducted with pre-course, post-course, and six-month evaluations and knowledge assessments. Results The mean pre- vs. post-course knowledge assessment scores significantly improved, 41.7% vs. 75.9% (SD 16.1% and 12.7%, respectively, p < 0.0001). The mean ultrasound skills confidence ratings on a 10-point Likert scale significantly increased post-course (2.60 ± 1.66 vs. 6.33 ± 1.63, p < 0.0001), but decreased at six months (6.33 ± 1.63 vs. 4.10 ± 2.22, p < 0.0001). The greatest limitations to usage pre-course and at six months were knowledge/skills and lack of machine access. While knowledge/skills decreased from pre-course (82.0%) as compared to six-months (64.3%), lack of machine access increased from pre-course (15.8%) to six-months (28.6%) (p = 0.28). Conclusion Hospitalists agree that point-of-care ultrasound has utility in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients, though the lack of training is a significant limitation. Our study demonstrated that a brief skills practicum significantly improves hospitalists’ confidence and knowledge regarding ultrasound image acquisition and interpretation in the short term. Long-term confidence and usage wanes, which appears to be due to the lack of machine access

Modified Elmslie-Trillat procedure for distal realignment of patella tendon

Patellofemoral dysfunction, due to either a patellofemoral malalignment or patellar instability, is a complex and debilitating condition that significantly decreases the knee function. Conservative management may yield significant clinical outcomes; however, when morphologic anomalies are identified, the surgical approach should be employed. Hence, several surgical procedures have been described in the scientific literature aiming the correction of underlying extensor mechanism malalignments. Still, the rate of complications is higher than desirable. The described technique is based on the principles of transferring the tibial tubercle medially as described in the Elmslie-Trillat technique. However, a curvilinear horizontal cut is made prior to the vertical cut, which raises a thick osseous fragment and allows the formation of a gutter when the osseous fragment is moved medially. Whereas the horizontal gutter provides stability to the bone fragment, the thicker dimension of the osseous fragment and retention of the distal attachment significantly enhances the osteotomy union. Hence, adequate pain relief and stability with very low postoperative morbidity could be achieved. The purpose of this surgical note is to describe a modification to the Elmslie-Trillat technique to treat patellofemoral dysfunctions, achieving a higher osseous stability and decreased postoperative morbidity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mercury in the environment

Problems in assessing mercury concentrations in environmental materials are discussed. Data for situations involving air, water, rocks, soils, sediments, sludges, fossil fuels, plants, animals, foods, and man are drawn together and briefly evaluated. Details are provided regarding the toxicity of mercury along with tentative standards and guidelines for mercury in air, drinking water, and food

Choosing the best forage species for a dairy farm: The Whole-farm approach

Although a handful of forage species such as perennial ryegrass are predominant, there are a wide range of forage species that can be grown in sub tropical and temperate regions in Australia as dairy pastures. These species have differing seasonal yields, nutrient quality and water use efficiency characteristics, as demonstrated in a large study evaluating 30 species University of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Some species can be grazed, while others require mechanical harvesting that incurs a further cost. Previous comparisons of species that relied on yields of dry matter per unit of some input (typically land or water) cannot simultaneously take into account the season in which forage is produced, or other factors related to the costs of production and delivery to the cows. To effectively compare the profitability of individual species, or combinations of species, requires the use of a whole-farm model. Linear programming was used to find the most profitable mix of forage species for an irrigated dairy farm in an irrigation region of New South Wales, Australia. It was concluded that a typical farmer facing the prevailing milk and purchased feed prices with average milk production per cow would find a mix of species including large proportions of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) was most profitable. The result was robust to changes in seasonal milk pricing and moving from year round to seasonal calving patterns.Dairy, Forage, Whole-farm, Linear programming