Isolation, Structural and Stereochemical Studies in the Terpenoid Field

This thesis consists of three sections, each concerned with an aspect of terpenoid chemistry. The first is devoted to the stereochemistry of the diterpenoid lactone, marrubiin. The gross structure of this compound has been secure for some time, but the stereochemistry, apart from the A:B ring junction has been a matter of controversy. Two approaches to the problem were used: the more facile method was felt to be by X-ray analysis of a heavy atom derivative, but attempts to prepare a suitable derivative proved unsuccessful; the other approach was by spectroscopic studies of various derivatives of marrubiin. Combined with information obtained by previous workers, the interpretation of these studies permitted a firm assignation of the stereochemistry of marrubiin. The second section is concerned with the examination of extractives of the heartwood of Guarea Globra. The compounds isolated proved to be new triterpenoids. The first one described was shown to be a mixture of C28, C29 and C30 homologues, not readily separable by chromatographic methods, On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence, tentative suggestions as to the structure of these compounds have been made. Eight other compounds were isolated, of which four were closely related, and tentative structures for them proposed, while for the other four compounds, only in the case of one, was deficient information obtained to allow a tentative assignment of structure. The X-ray Crystallographic analysis of the p-iodo-benzoate of triol Q acetonide is described in the final section. Triol Q is a diterpene triol from Brythroxylon Monogynum Roxb. , isolated as the acetate acetonide, which was converted to the p-iodobonzoate. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier syntheses using the heavy atom method of determining the phase angles in the Fourier summations. The atomic parameters were refined by the method of least squares to an R value of 14.4, and since the purpose of the analysis had been achieved, i. e. the determination of the stereochemistry of triol Q, the refinement was terminated. The molecular parameters and geometry are detailed in the tables and figures at the end of this section

Determination of spatio-temporal influences on the distribution of fecal indicator organisms along the north-west coast of India

698-706Coastal ecosystem is susceptible to discharge of untreated sewage waste. The present study is aimed to determine water quality status prevailing along the north-west coast of India by monitoring spatial and temporal variations associated with fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) (namely, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus fecalis) along the five designated coastal water sites – Veraval, Hazira, Mumbai, Ratnagiri and Malvan for years (2012-14). Spatial waters illustrated that the concentration of FIOs significantly reduced away from the shoreline. Temporal-based sampling elucidates decreasing trend in fecal loads: Monsoon>post-monsoon>pre-monsoon. Based on the resemblance of water quality characteristics applied by hierarchical cluster analysis, these sites were grouped into three categories: Comparatively less polluted, moderately polluted and highly polluted. Regular trends in coastal FIOs variability, collective information about water quality and environmental factors appear useful for monitoring and management towards pollution encumbered at coastal region

Potential of wastewater grown algae for biodiesel production and CO2 sequestration

Algae have been proposed as a potential renewable fuel source. Photosynthetic CO2 fixation to substrates that can be converted to biodiesel by microalgae is thought to be a feasible technology with energy-saving and environment-friendly approach. In the present study, potential of microalgae, from wastewater stabilization pond, as a feedstock for biodiesel production and CO2 sequestration was evaluated. Mixed algae sample showed the highest CO2 fixation rate, followed by Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus incrassatulus, Scenedesmus dimorphus and Chroococcus cohaerens (2.807, 1.627, 1.501, 1.270 and 0.786 g L-1 d-1, respectively). Nile red stain was used for detection of lipid in microalgal sample which was further extracted and analysed by gas chromatography (GC). The main fatty acids present in the mixed algae sample were fatty acids with C14–C18 (>98%) that are generated after natural CO2 sequestration. At ambient CO2 concentration, total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) mainly comprised of myristic acid (C14:0), 0.0718%; palmitic acid (C16:0), 2.558%; octadecenoic acid (C18:1), 28.98% and linoleic acid (C18:2), 12.54% which makes the microalgal biomass a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production and CO2 mitigation.Keywords: Biodiesel, carbon dioxide fixation, fatty acid profile, microalgae, wastewater stabilization pondAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(20), pp. 2939-294

Recycling and treatment of herbal pharmaceutical wastewater using Scenedesmus quadricuada

Globally, herbal pharmaceutical industries are among the leading pharmaceutical industries. They generate large volume of wastewater during processing and production, which is highly biodegradable in nature and cannot be discharged into environment as such. Hence efforts are being made to evaluate the toxicity of herbal pharmaceutical effluents using green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda. Physico-chemically treated effluents (PCTEs) as well as biologically treated effluents (BTEs) were observed after the application of S. quadricauda. Also, S. quadricauda showed higher growth rate after the addition of PCTE and BTE. The highest yield of algae was observed in BTE up to 15 days of incubation by synthesis of chlorophyll and cell metabolites, even with 10–100% dilution of effluents. The present study also discusses the evaluation of biotoxicity and recycling on herbal pharmaceutical wastewater along with heavy metal remova