The Challenge of Cooperative Regulatory Relations After Enlargement

This paper conceptualises European governance as a continuous series of collective action games among national regulators. European administration is theorized as a set of mutually beneficial relations among independent regulators, rather than as a hierarchy of supranational institutions, courts, and national administrators. The collective action approach highlights the importance of certain factors in fostering regulatory cooperation and enabling the common market to become an administrative reality: repeated interactions, monitoring and sanctioning by the Commission and the courts, reciprocity norms, and trust. It also suggests that one of the most significant challenges of enlargement will be to establish cooperative regulatory exchanges among old and new regulators. Regulators in the existing member states do not always trust the capacity of Central and Eastern European regulators to administer the acquis communautaire. Cooperation and trust among old and new regulators will also prove difficult because, after enlargement, their relations will gradually shift from ones of power to ones of mutually beneficial exchanges among equals. The solution lies in self-awareness of the structure of the collective action game, a more active role for the Commission and the Court in monitoring compliance, and strict adherence to a strategy of reciprocity in retaliating for non-compliance

Measuring the Environmental Footprint of Leather Processing Technologies

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Energía y gases de efecto invernadero en la producción de distintos grupos de alimentos

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la energía usada y los gases de efecto invernadero emitidos en la producción y transporte de distintos alimentos. Se realizaron inventarios de ciclo de vida para carnes, huevos y lácteos, legumbres, cereales, frutas, hortalizas, tubérculos, y semillas oleaginosas. Junto con la revisión de datos previos se analizaron 40 alimentos, que discriminados por región y sistema productivo constituyen 92 ítems alimentarios. La unidad funcional elegida es de 1 kg de alimento puesto en puerto de acceso al sistema de comercialización mayorista en Suecia. Se encontró que los productos de origen animal presentan requerimientos de energía mayor, y están asociados a mayores emisiones que los productos de origen vegetal, con la excepción de hortalizas producidas en invernaderos calefaccionados. El análisis de la cantidad de proteína producida por unidad de energía usada y por unidad de emisiones muestra eficiencias mayores en productos de origen vegetal.The aim of this work is to study the energy used and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and transport of common food items. We have performed life cycle inventories for meats, eggs and dairy, legumes, cereals, fruits, vegetables, tubers and roots, and oily seeds. Along with previous published data, we have analysed 40 foods. When country of origin and means of production are sorted, we have studied a total of 92 food items. The functional unit was 1 kg of food at the input of the wholesale chain in Sweden. We have found that foods derived from animal production are associated with larger energy use and emissions than plant-origin foods, with the exception of vegetables produced in heated greenhouses. It was also found that the efficiency to produce protein is much higher for plant foods than for the animal origin ones.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Energía y gases de efecto invernadero en la producción de distintos grupos de alimentos

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la energía usada y los gases de efecto invernadero emitidos en la producción y transporte de distintos alimentos. Se realizaron inventarios de ciclo de vida para carnes, huevos y lácteos, legumbres, cereales, frutas, hortalizas, tubérculos, y semillas oleaginosas. Junto con la revisión de datos previos se analizaron 40 alimentos, que discriminados por región y sistema productivo constituyen 92 ítems alimentarios. La unidad funcional elegida es de 1 kg de alimento puesto en puerto de acceso al sistema de comercialización mayorista en Suecia. Se encontró que los productos de origen animal presentan requerimientos de energía mayor, y están asociados a mayores emisiones que los productos de origen vegetal, con la excepción de hortalizas producidas en invernaderos calefaccionados. El análisis de la cantidad de proteína producida por unidad de energía usada y por unidad de emisiones muestra eficiencias mayores en productos de origen vegetal.The aim of this work is to study the energy used and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and transport of common food items. We have performed life cycle inventories for meats, eggs and dairy, legumes, cereals, fruits, vegetables, tubers and roots, and oily seeds. Along with previous published data, we have analysed 40 foods. When country of origin and means of production are sorted, we have studied a total of 92 food items. The functional unit was 1 kg of food at the input of the wholesale chain in Sweden. We have found that foods derived from animal production are associated with larger energy use and emissions than plant-origin foods, with the exception of vegetables produced in heated greenhouses. It was also found that the efficiency to produce protein is much higher for plant foods than for the animal origin ones.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Energía y gases de efecto invernadero en la producción de distintos grupos de alimentos

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la energía usada y los gases de efecto invernadero emitidos en la producción y transporte de distintos alimentos. Se realizaron inventarios de ciclo de vida para carnes, huevos y lácteos, legumbres, cereales, frutas, hortalizas, tubérculos, y semillas oleaginosas. Junto con la revisión de datos previos se analizaron 40 alimentos, que discriminados por región y sistema productivo constituyen 92 ítems alimentarios. La unidad funcional elegida es de 1 kg de alimento puesto en puerto de acceso al sistema de comercialización mayorista en Suecia. Se encontró que los productos de origen animal presentan requerimientos de energía mayor, y están asociados a mayores emisiones que los productos de origen vegetal, con la excepción de hortalizas producidas en invernaderos calefaccionados. El análisis de la cantidad de proteína producida por unidad de energía usada y por unidad de emisiones muestra eficiencias mayores en productos de origen vegetal.The aim of this work is to study the energy used and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and transport of common food items. We have performed life cycle inventories for meats, eggs and dairy, legumes, cereals, fruits, vegetables, tubers and roots, and oily seeds. Along with previous published data, we have analysed 40 foods. When country of origin and means of production are sorted, we have studied a total of 92 food items. The functional unit was 1 kg of food at the input of the wholesale chain in Sweden. We have found that foods derived from animal production are associated with larger energy use and emissions than plant-origin foods, with the exception of vegetables produced in heated greenhouses. It was also found that the efficiency to produce protein is much higher for plant foods than for the animal origin ones.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Biologiska fluidiserade bäddar, framtidens reningsteknik.

Syftet med denna rapport är att ge en aktuell bild av biologisk rening i fluidiserad bädd. Nedbrytningshastigheten i en fluidiserad bädd kan vara 10 ggr högre än i en aktivt slamanläggning. Metoden kan användas för aerob och anaerob BOD-reduktion, nitrifikation och denitrifikation. Investeringskostnaderna för en fluidiserad bädd är låga, medan driftkostnaderna är beroende av processutformningen. Vid aerob behandling är driftkostnaderna höga, medan de vid anaerob BOD-reduktion är låga.Syftet med denna rapport är att ge en aktuell bild av biologisk rening i fluidiserad bädd. Nedbrytningshastigheten i en fluidiserad bädd kan vara 10 ggr högre än i en aktivt slamanläggning. Metoden kan användas för aerob och anaerob BOD-reduktion, nitrifikation och denitrifikation. Investeringskostnaderna för en fluidiserad bädd är låga, medan driftkostnaderna är beroende av processutformningen. Vid aerob behandling är driftkostnaderna höga, medan de vid anaerob BOD-reduktion är låga

Present state of industrial activity with respect to sustainability - Three Swedish Case Studies and their relevance for the overall situation in the Eco-countries

Mass and energy balances were made from statistical information for the material flows and energy turn-over from raw material to products end-use for three categories of products in Sweden; paper, steel and petroleum. These were used to establish per capita resource need and environmental load fot three different product areas. A general impression from the results is that mateiral and energy analyses could be a valuable tool in the work to obtain a sustainable development. There is a need for more complete and homogeneous collection and stroage of informationa s well as a compilation of data on specific substances of great environmental concern. The results from the analysis suggest that (1) the pulo and paper sector may with relatively moderate changes be regardes as a sustainalbe industrial activity; (2) the steel sector has a sustainability problem regarding the supply of alloying metals and the consumption of coal and (3) the petroleum sector in its present form must both from a resource depletion and environmental impact point of view be seriously questioned in a discussion on how to reach a sustainable development. The differences between the three sectors studied were so great that the results obtained should have a genereal relevance for countries with a similar consumption patternMass and energy balances were made from statistical information for the material flows and energy turn-over from raw material to products end-use for three categories of products in Sweden; paper, steel and petroleum. These were used to establish per capita resource need and environmental load fot three different product areas. A general impression from the results is that mateiral and energy analyses could be a valuable tool in the work to obtain a sustainable development. There is a need for more complete and homogeneous collection and stroage of informationa s well as a compilation of data on specific substances of great environmental concern. The results from the analysis suggest that (1) the pulo and paper sector may with relatively moderate changes be regardes as a sustainalbe industrial activity; (2) the steel sector has a sustainability problem regarding the supply of alloying metals and the consumption of coal and (3) the petroleum sector in its present form must both from a resource depletion and environmental impact point of view be seriously questioned in a discussion on how to reach a sustainable development. The differences between the three sectors studied were so great that the results obtained should have a genereal relevance for countries with a similar consumption patter