Statutory Minimum Wages 2018

The term ‘minimum wage’ refers to the various legal restrictions governing the lowest rate payable by employers to workers, regulated by formal laws or statutes. This report provides information on statutory minimum wages that are generally applicable in a country and not limited to specific sectors, occupations or groups of employees. While the scope of the report covers all 28 EU Member States, the main findings relate to the 22 countries that had a statutory minimum wage in place in 2018. In the majority of countries, the social partners have been involved in the setting of the minimum wage in 2018 – in marked contrast to the beginning of the decade when minimum wage-setting was characterised by strong government intervention. While the highest increases in the minimum wage were recorded (in nominal and real terms) in Bulgaria and Romania, both of these countries – as well as several others – have a long way to go to catch up with the minimum wage levels prevailing in western European countries

Developments in Collectively Agreed Pay 2012

EIRO’s annual analysis of collectively agreed pay for 2012 finds that although average nominal agreed increases were slightly greater than in 2011 in many countries, the rise in prices diminished people’s purchasing power. In real terms, only a handful of countries had positive collective pay increases on average – and, if so, then very modest. In 2012, these were Sweden (+1.7%), Austria (+0.8%), Germany (+0.6%), France (+0.4%) and Belgium (+0.4%, already including indexation). In the case of Austria, this was a return to positive figures after two years of real decline on average. In countries where some form of pay indexation mechanisms are in place, the increases set via these mechanisms did – by and large (with the exception of Italy) – compensate for the rise in prices in 2012, while they had failed to do so in 2011. The report also examines collectively agreed pay increases in three selected sectors (metal, banking and local government) and developments in statutory minimum wages

How does being out at work relate to discrimination and unemployment of gays and lesbians?

This article empirically investigates the relationships in the workplace between homonegativity, the disclosure of sexual orientation, perceived discrimination, the reporting of discriminatory incidents and an individual’s employment status. I utilize information reported by gays and lesbians in the EU lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) survey. The data was analysed using generalised structural equation modelling and the logistic regression model. The results indicate that gays and lesbians conceal their sexual orientation more in hostile workplaces. A higher level of concealment is linked with an increased perception of discrimination and with a lower likelihood of reporting discriminatory incidents. Perceived discrimination and (unlike hypothesised) also concealment of sexual orientation positively relate to the probability of being unemployed. This implies a vicious circle in which hostile attitudes force gay employees to conceal their sexuality which in turn limits their ability to confront discriminatory behaviour

Improving working conditions in occupations with multiple disadvantages

Chapter 1 presents the findings of an analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2010 and the European Labour Force Survey 2013. It contains a comparative analysis of occupations with multiple disadvantages and all other occupations in relation to specific working conditions. Chapter 2 complements these findings with national-level information obtained from contributions from Eurofound’s network of correspondents from the 28 Member States and Norway. The occupations identified by the statistical analysis in Chapter 1 as having multiple disadvantages are associated with poor working conditions in many EU countries. In addition, a small number of other occupations have been identified by the national contributions as having various disadvantages in specific countries. Chapter 3 presents examples of policies and initiatives carried out mainly by social partners and governments at EU and national level with the aim of improving the working conditions of workers in occupations with multiple disadvantages. Because of the sectoral approach of most initiatives, the chapter is structured by groups of occupations normally belonging to the same economic sector. Even though the collection of initiatives does not represent an exhaustive list of all those present in European countries, where possible a ‘policy gap analysis’ has been developed to identify areas of job quality with less coverage by policies for specific occupations or groups of occupations. Finally, Chapter 4 derives conclusions about the situation and future of occupations with disadvantages, offering possible explanatory arguments. A reflection on the contribution of present policies and implications for workers and society in Europe is included. Annex I explains the methodology used in this report. Annex II contains a graph showing the distribution of disadvantaged occupations across sectors. Annex III, which is available on request from Eurofound, contains a table summarising the various policies identified in the contributions from the network of correspondents

Representation of poverty in Polish, Lithuanian and Latvian documentary films of the post-communist period

This article examines the representation of poor families in three documentary films from the Baltic region, produced after the fall of state socialism: Ewa Borzęcka's 13 or Trzynastka/Thirteen (1996, Poland), Marat Sargsyan's Tėvas/Father (2012, Lithuania) and Andris Gauja's Ģimenes lietas/Family Instinct (2010, Latvia). Each film does so by focusing on a family which does not fit the dominant notion of a normal family and instead comes across as a ‘pathological’ family. Our argument is that by foregrounding such a connection the filmmakers play down the state's responsibility for ensuring a decent standard of living for all citizens

Do gays and lesbians experience more frequent and longer unemployment?

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the probability of unemployment and duration of joblessness between partnered gays, lesbians and their straight peers in the EU. Design/methodology/approach: Existence of potential differences in the outcomes is tested by multilevel logistic regression model (probability of unemployment) and multilevel linear regression model (length of joblessness) using the EU Labour Force Survey data from 2008 to 2015. Findings: Gays have been found to have a significantly higher unemployment probability and (weakly significantly) a longer duration of joblessness than comparable straight men. No significant difference was identified in unemployment probabilities of lesbians and heterosexual women but the joblessness duration appears to be significantly shorter in lesbians. Originality/value: Previous research indicated that lesbians and gays face barriers in access to employment. To author's knowledge this is the first study which investigates whether gay people experience prolonged joblessness

Vliv jaderných elektráren na odbyt hnědého uhlí v severozápadních Čechách s ohledem na výkon kolejové dopravy

Prezenční výpůjčkaVŠB - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta hornicko-geologická. Institut ekonomiky a systémů řízení (545

Statutory Minimum Wages 2018

The term ‘minimum wage’ refers to the various legal restrictions governing the lowest rate payable by employers to workers, regulated by formal laws or statutes. This report provides information on statutory minimum wages that are generally applicable in a country and not limited to specific sectors, occupations or groups of employees. While the scope of the report covers all 28 EU Member States, the main findings relate to the 22 countries that had a statutory minimum wage in place in 2018. In the majority of countries, the social partners have been involved in the setting of the minimum wage in 2018 – in marked contrast to the beginning of the decade when minimum wage-setting was characterised by strong government intervention. While the highest increases in the minimum wage were recorded (in nominal and real terms) in Bulgaria and Romania, both of these countries – as well as several others – have a long way to go to catch up with the minimum wage levels prevailing in western European countries.EF_Statutory_minimum_wages_2018.pdf: 52 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

Special Economic Zones in PRC in 1980s

Cílem této práce je analyzovat vývoj čínských zvláštních hospodářských zón (SEZ) a způsob, jakým ovlivnily čínskou ekonomiku po jejich založení v 80. letech 20. století. Zmíněna jsou vysvětlení pojmu SEZ, stejně jako některé teorie regionálního rozvoje. Dále, výkon SEZ v 80. letech je porovnán s důvody, které vedly k založení SEZ. Podán je i krátký popis vývoje SEZ Shenzhen v první polovině 80. let