The export of butter from Finland to Stockholm in the 1540s

Stockholms Vågbok (weighing‑house book) of the year 1548, Handelsregistren (trade registers) for the years 1545, 1546, 1549 and 1550 and the accounts for Varuhus och handling, Stockholm in Riksarkivet (the Swedish State Archives) were studied in order to try to establish the size and the im­portance of the butter export from Finland to Stockholm in the 1540s. According to the weighing‑house book (1548) 90 per cent of all the purchased butter with indicated place of origin (total amount 7000 lispund) came from Finland, especially from Satakunda (Satakunta), Egentliga Finland (Varsi­nais‑Suomi), Ostrobothnia (Pohjanmaa) and Nyland (Uusimaa). The burghers were predominant in the butter trade except in Ostrobothnia (with no towns). The total supply from both wholesale trade butter and retail business butter in the 1540s appears in the trade register of 1546, where also the about 500 butter purchasers in Stockholm are recorded. Half of them were buyers for household use, who all together bought 5–10 per cent of all the butter on the Stockholm bridge (Skeppsbron), whence 16–17 000 lispund can be estimated to have come from Finland, which means more than twice as much as the wholesale trade butter recorded in the weighing‑house book of 1548. The sharpened control of the peasant sailing at the middle of the 1540s forcing the peasant sailers to go to Stockholm, is likely to have effected a temporary increase in the Finnish butter supply. Finnish butter was also brought to Stockholm as taxation butter and was afterwards exported. About 80 per cent of the butter export from Stockholm to foreign countries during the second half of the 1540s consisted of Finnish butter

Geologisk 3D modellering avFile hajdar brottet, Slite

Located on the island of Gotland, Sweden, the File Hajdar limestone quarry is an important locality for domestic cement production. With depositional settings generally related to shallow sea carbonate ramps, the lithologies encountered on File Hajdar range from reef-associated limestone units to more basinal deposition of marls. As the depositional setting is related to the CaCO3-content (carbonate), which is an important property to consider during cement production, geological investigation of the area through conceptual 3D modelling could be a very powerful tool to enhance the general knowledge of the area or for planning future prospecting campaigns. Since the quality of the 3D model is related to the amount and quality of data utilized, data acquisition and management are very important steps in the construction of a 3D model. Two main campaigns with drill core extractions were done in 1993 and 1999, respectively. Along with resistivity data collected from skyTEM-measurements and ground surveys, subsurface geological information is quite extensive in the area. Using overall data and a reclassification of the lithologies, three main areas associated with reef complex deposition have been identified on File Hajdar. Corresponding to elevated resistivity measurements as well as classification in drill cores, two reef complexes centered around the quarry, have been described as the central- and southeastern reef complexes. Based on high resistivity anomalies in skyTEM-data along with field interpretations, the emplacement of a third reef complex is also interpreted in the northwestern parts of the study area (northwestern reef complex). However, as overall data is lacking at the location of the northwestern reef complex, further investigation is necessary before the relationship between the central- and northwestern reef complex can be fully investigated. Due to the generally indistinct transition between clay-rich limestone and marl, the subsurface boundary to the marl is rather insinuated. However, corresponding to low resistivity anomalies, outcroppings of the surfacing marl unit are outlined at the base of the File Hajdar rise. Future utilization of the produced 3D model could include the implementation of additional data or as a foundation during the planning of further prospecting campaigns in the area. Corresponding to the locations of the central- and northwestern reef complexes, these two areas are suggested to be most suitable for further investigation.Som en viktig komponent i cementproduktion har Gotland sedimentära berggrund haft en historisk anknytning till kalstensutvinning. File hajdar brottet är beläget ca 5 km väst om tätorten Slite, på nordöstra Gotland, och står i dagsläget helt för den lokala kalkstensutvinningen av Cementa AB. Kalkstensenheterna på File hajdar kan generellt kopplas till revbildning under den geologiska silurperioden. Men baserat på den interna relationen till de innersta revkropparna kan även underklassificeringar av kalkstensenheterna konstrueras. Eftersom relationen till reven även är kopplat till kalkstenens karbonathalt (CaCO3), vilket är en väsentlig beståndsdel att beakta under cementproduktion, är det viktigt att urskilja mellan de olika kalkstensenheter som påträffas på File hajdar. En sådan urskillning kan visuellt uppnås om en konceptuell 3D-modell över geologin på File hajdar brottet och dess omnejd konstrueras. Med data från borrkärnor, framtagna under två prospekteringsprojekt, samt från mätningar av berggrundens elektriska egenskaper kan man indirekt tolka geologin i området. Då det mer massiva revkropparna förväntas ha sämre ledningsförmåga relativt de mer lerberikade märgel- och kalkstenarna, kan man anknyta områden med hög resistivitet (oförmåga att leda ström) till revstrukturer. Från mätningar tolkas området norr- och söder om täkten inkludera större revstrukturer. Även nordväst om täkten kan man antyda att en större revstruktur är lokaliserad. Men eftersom den nordvästliga strukturen sakna större utsträckning av data behöver denna studeras närmare. Då övergången mellan den underliggande märgelstenen och File hajdars ytliga kalkstenen sker gradvis blir gränsen mellan dessa två enheter svår att placera ut med någon större säkerhet. Detta medför att den underliggande märgelgränsen bör betraktas som en generaliserad övergång i den slutgiltiga 3D-modellen. Den resulterade 3D-modellen ger en bra överblick över den generella geologin som påträffas i File hajdar området. Praktisk tillämpning av 3D-modellen kan exempelvis innefattar vidare tänktplanering eller fortsatt utvärdering av området genom implementering av mer data. Baserat på 3D-modellen framställs två förslag på lokaler lämpliga för vidare undersökningar. Motsvarande placeringarna av de norra- och nordvästra rekvkropparna tolkas dessa utgöra potentiella områden för kalkbrytning och i behov av ytterligare undersökning