Two Quiet Americans: British Literature into American Propaganda

An examination of similarities between Joseph Mankiewicz\u27s film adaptation of Graham Greene\u27s The Quiet American and American interpretation of the Vietnam War in the Cold War era

Assessment of combined scale/corrosion inhibitors - A combined jar test/bubble cell

The formation of calcium carbonate scale and the occurrence of CO corrosion are both widespread phenomena observed within pipework during oil and gas production. The most common form of treatment for both processes is the application of chemical inhibition through corrosion and/or scale inhibitors. Surface scaling of pipework rarely occurs in environments where no corrosion exists, yet techniques used to develop and assess the performance of scale inhibitors tend to focus on assessing and reducing solely bulk/surface scaling, without affording consideration towards corrosion, whilst corrosion inhibitors are frequently evaluated in non-scaling environments. Furthermore, both chemicals tend to be evaluated independently meaning that any potential antagonistic effects between the chemicals can go unrecognised. This paper addresses this very issue by presenting a unique setup and methodology to enable the occurrence of scale and corrosion to be monitored simultaneously in a CO-saturated environment in the presence and absence of combined scale and corrosion inhibitors. The test cell focuses on evaluating four key parameters which are quantified either throughout the duration of the test, or from the implementation of post-test surface analysis techniques. The multiple assessment of (i) bulk scale precipitation, (ii) surface scaling, (iii) general corrosion and (iv) localised corrosion permits a full assessment of the chemical blends propensity to mitigate both scaling and corrosion. Non-inhibited tests were initially conducted at 60 °C to form a baseline for comparison. Four combined scale/corrosion inhibitors were subsequently used at low concentrations in order to understand their mechanisms and highlight any competitive effect which existed in reducing either scale or corrosion. The results demonstrate that the methodology implemented is effective at assessing the efficiency of combined inhibitors in reducing both corrosion and scale in environments where both processes occur simultaneously. The limitations of conducting solely bulk scaling or corrosion tests in non-scaling environments are discussed relative to the results obtained in this work. The results of each individual inhibitor are discussed and markedly different behaviour is observed according to the concentration administered, as well as the particular blend of chemicals applied

Investigation of Changing Pore Topology and Porosity during Matrix Acidizing using Different Chelating Agents

Core flooding acidizing experiments on sandstone/carbonate formation are usually performed in the laboratory to observe different physical phenomena and to design acidizing stimulation jobs for the field. During the tests, some key parameters are analyzed such as pore volume required for breakthrough as well as pressure. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is commonly used in the carbonate matrix acidizing while Mud acid (HF: HCl) is usually applied during the sandstone acidizing to remove damage around the well bore. However, many problems are associated with the application of these acids, such as fast reaction, corrosion and incompatibility of HCl with some minerals (illite). To overcome these problems, chelating agents (HEDTA, EDTA and GLDA) were used in this research. Colton tight sandstone and Guelph Dolomite core samples were used in this study. The experiments usually are defined in terms of porosity, permeability, dissolution and pore topology. Effluent samples were analyzed to determine dissolved iron, sodium, potassium, calcium and other positive ions using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). Meanwhile Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to determine porosity and pore structure of the core sample. Core flood experiments on Berea sandstone cores and dolomite samples with dimensions of 1.5 in × 3 in were conducted at a flow rate of 1 cc/min under 150oF temperature. NMR and porosity analysis concluded that applied chemicals are effective in creating fresh pore spaces. ICP analysis concluded that HEDTA showed good ability to chelate calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and iron. It can be established from the analysis that HEDTA can increase more amount of permeability as compared to other chelates

Development of a novel once-through flow visualization technique for kinetic study of bulk and surface scaling

There is a considerable interest to investigate surface crystallization in order to have a full mechanistic understanding of how layers of sparingly soluble salts (scale) build on component surfaces. Despite much recent attention, a suitable methodology to improve on the understanding of the precipitation/deposition systems to enable the construction of an accurate surface deposition kinetic model is still needed. In this work, an experimental flow rig and associated methodology to study mineral scale deposition is developed. The once-through flow rig allows us to follow mineral scale precipitation and surface deposition in situ and in real time. The rig enables us to assess the effects of various parameters such as brine chemistry and scaling indices, temperature, flow rates, and scale inhibitor concentrations on scaling kinetics. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scaling at different values of the saturation ratio (SR) is evaluated using image analysis procedures that enable the assessment of surface coverage, nucleation, and growth of the particles with time. The result for turbidity values measured in the flow cell is zero for all the SR considered. The residence time from the mixing point to the sample is shorter than the induction time for bulk precipitation; therefore, there are no crystals in the bulk solution as the flow passes through the sample. The study shows that surface scaling is not always a result of pre-precipitated crystals in the bulk solution. The technique enables both precipitation and surface deposition of scale to be decoupled and for the surface deposition process to be studied in real time and assessed under constant condition

Assessment of temperature and time on the survivability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) on experimentally contaminated surfaces

Fomites might be responsible for virus introduction in swine farms, highlighting the importance of implementing practices to minimize the probability of virus introduction. The study’s objective was to assess the efficacy of different combinations of temperatures and holding-times on detecting live PRRSV and PEDV on surfaces commonly found in supply entry rooms in swine farms. Two PRRSV isolates (MN 184 and 1-4-4 L1C variant) and one PEDV isolate (NC 49469/2013) were inoculated on cardboard and aluminum. An experimental study tested combinations of four temperatures (20°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C) and six holding-times (15 minutes, 60 minutes, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours) for the presence of the viruses on each surface type. After virus titration, virus presence was assessed by assessing the cytopathic effects and immunofluorescence staining. The titers were expressed as log10 TCID50/ml, and regression models; half-lives equations were calculated to assess differences between treatments and time to not detect the live virus. The results suggest that the minimum time that surfaces should be held to not detect the virus at 30°C was 24 hours, 40°C required 12 hours, and 50°C required 6 hours; aluminum surfaces took longer to reach the desired temperature compared to cardboard. The results suggest that PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant had higher half-lives at higher temperatures than PRRSV MN 184. In conclusion, time and temperature combinations effectively decrease the concentration of PRRSV and PEDV on different surfaces found in supply entry rooms in swine farms.This article is published as Mil-Homens, Mafalda, Ethan Aljets, Rodrigo C. Paiva, Isadora Machado, Guilherme Cezar, Onyekachukwu Osemeke, Daniel Moraes et al. "Assessment of temperature and time on the survivability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) on experimentally contaminated surfaces." Plos one 19, no. 1 (2024): e0291181. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291181. © 2024 Mil-Homens et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

A preliminary screening and characterization of suitable acids for sandstone matrix acidizing technique: a comprehensive review

Matrix acidizing is a broadly developed technique in sandstone stimulation to improve the permeability and porosity of a bottom-hole well. The most popular acid used is mud acid (HF–HCl). It is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid. However, one of the conventional problems in sandstone acidizing is that mud acid faces significant issues at high temperature such as rapid rate of reaction, resulting in early acid consumption. This downside has given a negative impact to sandstone acidizing as it will result in not only permeability reduction, but can even extend to acid treatment failure. So, the aim of this study is to provide a preliminary screening and comparison of different acids based on the literature to optimize the acid selection, and targeting various temperatures of sandstone environment. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the experimental works using different acids to understand the chemical reactions and transport properties of acid in sandstone environment. The results obtained indicated that fluoroboric acid (HBF4) could be useful in enhancing the sandstone acidizing process, although more studies are still required to consolidate this conclusion. HBF4 is well known as a low damaging acid for sandstone acidizing due to its slow hydrolytic reaction to produce HF. This would allow deeper penetration of the acid into the sandstone formation at a slower rate, resulting in higher porosity and permeability enhancement. Nevertheless, little is known about the effective temperature working range for a successful treatment. Considering the pros and cons of different acids, particularly those which are associated with HF and HBF4, it is recommended to perform a comprehensive analysis to determine the optimum temperature range and effective working window for sandstone acidizing before treatment operation. Prior to sandstone acid stimulation, it is essential to predict the feasibility of acid selected by integrating the effects of temperature, acid concentration and injection rate. Therefore, this manuscript has thrown light into the research significance of further studies

Het kostenplaatje van woonthuiszorg

Onze levensverwachting stijgt en dus ook het aantal Belgen en West-Vlamingen dat ouder wordt dan 80 jaar. Voor deze bevolkingsgroep is de keuze tussen thuiszorg, tussenformules of de intrek in een woonzorgcentrum cruciaal. Maar wat is het kostenplaatje van deze diverse vormen? Het Expertisecentrum Business Management van Hogeschool VIVES zet zijn tanden in deze interessante materie.status: publishe

Aangepast langer thuis wonen, een optie? een case studie

Casestudie Kostprijsberekening voor Marie Marie is een levenslustige dame van 75 jaar. Vorig jaar overleed haar man, maar zijzelf is tot op heden nog kerngezond. Marie koos ervoor om thuis te blijven wonen en deed aanpassingen aan de woning. Ze doet eveneens beroep op diensten aan huis. Haar kinderen hebben immers zelf een druk leven en zijn allen nog werkend. Wat kost dit aan Marie? Het kostenplaatje is geen ‘standaard plaatje’, maar wel een ‘plaatje op maat’. Elke oudere heeft zijn eigen behoeften en wensen. Ook zal de kostprijs voor het langer thuis blijven wonen voor Marie in grote mate door de zorgvraag bepaald worden.status: publishe