UM EXEMPLO PARADIGMÁTICO DAS RELAÇÕES CONFLITUOSAS ENTRE CIÊNCIA E IDEOLOGIA: A RESISTÊNCIA AO BEHAVIORISMO NA FRANÇA

Science and ideology have usually maintained conflicting relationships, characterized as interdependency and interbreeding (sometimes, intercontamination). Science is rich in examples of these different types of relationships. This century (XXI) offers a broad scenario of the vigorous polemics and controversies, such as the creationism versus Darwinism, or, what is the focus of this talk, the resistance, in France, to the adoption of a “new” paradigm in Psychology: Behaviorism. In the context of a historically dominant psychoanalytic approach, and with the support of anti-scientific positions engendered by the fear, uncertainty and helplessness in the face of the potent and effective current technologies in fields so distinct as the nuclear physics, the genetics or the embryology, Behaviorism inspires a strong rejection and produces a strong resistance to its adoption. This paper explores some aspects of the ideological oppositions to Behaviorism.Key words: science, ideology, behaviorismCiência e ideologia sempre mantiveram relações conflituosas, caracterizadas como interdependentes e interfecundantes (às vezes, de intercontaminação). A história da ciência é rica em exemplos desses diferentes tipos de relações. Esse século (XXI) nos oferece ainda um panorama amplo das vigorosas polêmicas e controvérsias, tal como o criacionismo versus o darwinismo, ou, o que é o foco desse artigo, a resistência na França em adotar um “novo” paradigma em psicologia: o comportamentalismo. No contexto de uma abordagem psicanalítica historicamente dominante, e com o apoio das posições anti-científicas geradas pelo medo, pela insegurança e pelo desamparo frente às tecnologias atuais, potentes e eficazes, em campos tão distintos como a física nuclear, a genética ou a embriologia, o behaviorismo inspira uma grande repulsa e produz uma forte resistência à sua adoção. Esse artigo explora alguns aspectos das oposições ideológicas ao behaviorismo em nossas latitudes.Palavras-chave: ciência, ideologia, comportamentalism

¿Qué es la psicología para los estudiantes españoles de educación a distancia?

Se aplicó a los estudiantes de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia en España (UNED) una modificación de la escala estandarizada por Thiriat (1981) y que ha sido utilizada (con más o menos cambios) en casi la totalidad de los trabajos de este tipo. En la encuesta se indaga sobre el autor, la obra y el fenómeno que considerasen como los más destacados de nuestra disciplina. También se les pedía que eligiesen entre varias definiciones de psicología y de diferentes conceptos relevantes como el pensamiento, la inteligencia o la mente. Por último, se les requería una valoración de diferentes aspectos de la psicología y de la propia psicología en su conjunto en comparación con otros campos del saber. Se concluye comparando los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo con otros similares realizados con otras poblacione

Experimental analysis of behaviour in the European French-speaking area

peer reviewedThe influence and development of behaviour analysis in French-speaking Europe has been different in the different countries, as can be seen when comparing developments in France and in the French-speaking parts of Belgium and Switzerland. French psychology has shown persistent reluctance towards behaviour analysis, except for a few individuals in a few institutional circles. On the other hand, Belgium has been the main centre from which behaviour analysis has propagated to the French-speaking area as a whole. Territorial specificities both in experimental analysis and in applied behaviour analysis are described and placed in context. In general, French-speaking Europe has not been especially receptive to Skinner's radical analysis of behaviour. Few of Skinner's books have been translated into French, as compared with other major Western languages. In none of the geographical areas being considered was psychology prepared to integrate radical behaviourism, in spite of its having important experimental developments in learning, perception, cognition, and other basic processes. By the time some faint echoes of Skinner's work reached France and its neighbours, cognitivism had already invaded. In spite of the lack of experimental and conceptual developments, applications mainly in behaviour therapy and in special and normal education did take place in all French-speaking countries. © 2006 International Union of Psychological Science

International Union of Psychological Science The Charlesworth Group, Wakefield +44(0)1924 369598 -Rev 7

T he Influence and development of behaviour analysis in French-speaking Europe has been different in the different countries, as can be seen when comparing developments in France and in the French-speaking parts of Belgium and Switzerland. French psychology has shown persistent reluctance towards behaviour analysis, except for a few individuals in a few institutional circles. On the other hand, Belgium has been the main centre from which behaviour analysis has propagated to the French-speaking area as a whole. Territorial specificities both in experimental analysis and in applied behaviour analysis are described and placed in context. In general, French-speaking Europe has not been especially receptive to Skinner's radical analysis of behaviour. Few of Skinner's books have been translated into French, as compared with other major Western languages. In none of the geographical areas being considered was psychology prepared to integrate radical behaviourism, in spite of its having important experimental developments in learning, perception, cognition, and other basic processes. By the time some faint echoes of Skinner's work reached France and its neighbours, cognitivism had already invaded. In spite of the lack of experimental and conceptual developments, applications mainly in behaviour therapy and in special and normal education did take place in all Frenchspeaking countries. L 'influence et le développement de l'analyse comportementale dans l'Europe francophone a été différente dans les différents pays, comme on peut le constater en comparant les développements en France et dans les parties francophones de la Belgique et de la Suisse. La psychologie française a exprimé une réticence persistante par rapport à l'analyse comportementale, à l'exception de quelques individus dans quelques cercles institutionnels. D'autre part, la Belgique a été le centre principal à partir duquel l'analyse comportementale s'est propagée à la région francophone en entier. Les spécifiés territoriales, tant dans l'analyse expérimentale que dans l'analyse comportementale appliquée, sont décrites et placées en contexte. En général, l'Europe francophone n'a pas été particulièrement réceptive à l'analyse comportementale radicale de Skinner. Peu des livres de Skinner ont été traduits en français, en comparaison à d'autres langues occidentales principales. Dans aucune des régions géographiques considérées, la psychologie n'a été préparée pour intégrer le behaviourisme radical, malgré les importants développements expérimentaux au niveau de l'apprentissage, de la perception, de la cognition et d'autres processus de base. Lorsque certains faibles échos des travaux de Skinner sont arrivés en France et ses voisins, le cognitivisme avait déjà envahi la place. Malgré le manque de développements expérimental et conceptuel, des applications principalement dans la thérapie comportementale, dans l'éducation normale et spéciale ont bel et bien eu lieu dans tous les pays francophones. L a influencia y el desarrollo del aná lisis del comportamiento en los países francó fonos de Europa han sido diferentes de los desarrollos en otras partes del mundo. Esto puede verse comparando los desarrollos en Francia y en las partes francó fonas de Bélgica y Suiza. La psicología francesa ha mostrado una renuencia persistente al aná lisis del comportamiento, excepto en el caso de unos pocos individuos y unos pocos círculos institucionales. Por otra parte Bélgica ha sido el principal centro desde el cual se ha propagado el aná lisis del comportamiento al á rea de los países francó fonos como un todo. El artículo describe y coloca en contexto las especificaciones territoriales tanto en el aná lisis del comportamiento como en el aná lisis conductual aplicado. En general la Europa de habla francesa no ha sido especialmente receptiva al aná lisis radical del comportamiento de Skinner. Pocos de los libros de Skinner han sido traducidos al francés, en comparació n con los otros idiomas occidentales importantes. En ninguna de las á reas geográ ficas que estamos considerando, la psicología estaba preparada para integrar el conductismo radical, a pesar de importantes desarrollos en aprendizaje, percepció n, cognició n y otros procesos bá sicos. En la época en que algunos débiles ecos de la obra de Skinner llegaron a Francia y a sus países vecinos, el congnitivismo ya había ocupado su lugar. A pesar de la carencia de desarrollos experimentales y conceptuales las aplicaciones, especialmente en terapia del comportamiento y en educació n tanto especial como normal, se desarrollaron en todos los países de habla francesa

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