Perda de massa de cinco marcas de dentes artificiais disponíveis no mercado após escovação com três diferentes dentifrícios

Brushing is the most common cleansing method employed on complete dentures and it may damage the integrity of acrylic resin, the main component of this type of prosthesis. This study evaluated the abrasion resistance of artificial teeth with different number of acrylic layers, and the abrasiveness of specific and non-specific dentifrices for denture cleaning. The abrasion test was conducted by a tooth brushing device, using soft toothbrushes under load (200g). Sixty artificial teeth specimens were manufactured, 12 from each brand: Vipi-Dent Plus (Dental Vipi), Trubyte Biotone (Dentsply), Trilux (Ruthinium), Ivostar (Ivoclar) and SR Vivodent PE (Ivoclar). Three brands of dentifrices were selected: Colgate (Colgate-Palmolive), Bonyplus (Bonyf AG) and Dentu-Creme (Dentco). Distilled water was used as control. The brushing time was 100 minutes, at 356 strokes/minute. The specimens were weighed on an analytical balance before and after the abrasion test. Analysis of dentifrices' abrasive particles was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were employed (alpha=0.05). The general mean of weight loss values were obtained: 6.1 mg (Ivostar); 6.0 mg (Trilux); 5.9 mg (Trubyte); 5.8 mg (Vipi); 5.3 mg (Vivodent). The abrasiveness difference among teeth brands was not statistically significant. The Colgate dentifrice produced the greatest weight reduction (10.1 mg), followed by Dentu-Creme (7.6 mg). Bonyplus was the least abrasive (2.4 mg), similar to the distilled water used as control group (3.1 mg) (p=0.05). It was concluded that all acrylic teeth presented similar abrasion resistance. Specific dentifrices for dentures tend to cause less damage to acrylic resin.A escovação é o método mais empregado para higienização de próteses totais e pode causar danos à resina acrílica, seu principal componente. Este estudo avaliou a resistência à abrasão de dentes de resina acrílica, com diferentes camadas de prensagem, frente a dentifrícios específicos e não específicos para higienização de dentaduras. O ensaio de abrasão foi realizado utilizando-se uma máquina de escovação, com escovas macias sob carga de 200g. Foram confeccionados 60 corpos-de-prova, 12 de cada marca comercial: Vipi-Dent Plus (Dental Vipi), Trubyte Biotone (Dentsply), Trilux (Ruthinium), Ivostar (Ivoclar), SR Vivodent PE (Ivoclar). Foram empregados os dentifrícios: Colgate (Colgate Palmolive), Bonyplus (Bonyf AG) e Dentu-Creme (Dentco). Água destilada foi utilizada como controle. O tempo de escovação foi 100 minutos, a 356 rotações/minuto. Os corpos-de-prova foram pesados em balança analítica antes e após os ensaios. As partículas abrasivas dos dentifrícios foram analisadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os testes ANOVA e Tukey (alfa=0,05) foram empregados. A perda de peso média dos dentes foi: 6,1 mg (Ivostar); 6,0 mg (Trilux); 5,9 mg (Trubyte); 5,8 mg (Vipi); 5,3 mg (Vivodent). Não houve diferença significante entre as marcas de dentes. O dentifrício Colgate causou maior perda de massa (10,1 mg), seguido pelo Dentu-Creme (7,6 mg). O Bonyplus foi o menos abrasivo (3,1 mg), sem diferença estatística em relação ao controle (2,4 mg) (p=0,05). Foi concluído que todos os dentes foram igualmente resistentes à abrasão, independentemente do número de prensagens. Dentifrícios específicos para próteses totais geraram menos danos à superfície acrílica

A pesquisa em ciências humanas, ciências sociais e educação: questões éticas suscitadas pela regulamentação brasileira

The guidelines that regulate ethics in research involving human beings in Brazil, especially those that refer to the areas of the human and social sciences and to the sciences of education, are analysed in their relationships to bioethics and the sciences of life. The difficulties raised by researchers in the human areas in their dialogue with the interdisciplinary ethics committees are considered, including the possibility of disconnecting the authorization for research in these areas from the CEPs-CONEP system, the National System of Committees of Ethics in Research run by the National Health Board. Nevertheless, it is argued that the main focus of this system of ethics in research is the protection of the physical and mental health of the participants, which is considered a question within the area of bioethics and health, and broadly as a biopsychosocial process. It is also observed that the data collection techniques developed by the human and social sciences (interviews, questionnaires, observations or participant observations) are also utilized by the sciences of life. These considerations indicate that the dialogue between the areas, proportioned by the interdisciplinary composition of the ethics committees, is salutary and necessary for the good functioning of the system, despite the possibility, contemplated in the legislation, of specific committees existing for judging research ethics in the human and social sciences. It is proposed that new research be carried out for monitoring the functioning of the committees of ethics in universities and research institutions to perfect the regulatory system.As diretrizes que regulam a ética na pesquisa com seres humanos no Brasil, em especial no que se refere às áreas das ciências humanas e sociais e às ciências da educação, são analisadas em suas relações com a bioética e as ciências da vida. As dificuldades levantadas por pesquisadores da área de humanas no diálogo com os comitês de ética interdisciplinares são consideradas, inclusive a possibilidade de desvincular a autorização da pesquisa nessas áreas do sistema CEPs-CONEP, sistema nacional de Comitês de Ética na Pesquisa gerido pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Argumenta-se, contudo, que o foco principal do sistema da ética na pesquisa é a proteção da saúde física e mental dos participantes, o que configura uma questão afeita à bioética e à área da saúde, de maneira ampla, como processo biopsicossocial. Observa-se também que as técnicas de coleta de dados desenvolvidas pelas ciências humanas e sociais (entrevistas, questionários, observações participantes ou não) são também utilizadas pelas ciências da vida. Essas considerações indicam que o diálogo entre as áreas, propiciado pela composição de Comitês de Ética interdisciplinares, é salutar e necessário ao bom funcionamento do sistema, em que pese a possibilidade, admitida na legislação, da existência de comitês específicos para o julgamento da ética na pesquisa em ciências humanas e sociais. Propõe-se que novas pesquisas sejam feitas para o acompanhamento do funcionamento dos comitês de ética em universidades e instituições de pesquisa visando ao aprimoramento do sistema de regulação

A pesquisa em ciências humanas, ciências sociais e educação: questões éticas suscitadas pela regulamentação brasileira

As diretrizes que regulam a ética na pesquisa com seres humanos no Brasil, em especial no que se refere às áreas das ciências humanas e sociais e às ciências da educação, são analisadas em suas relações com a bioética e as ciências da vida. As dificuldades levantadas por pesquisadores da área de humanas no diálogo com os comitês de ética interdisciplinares são consideradas, inclusive a possibilidade de desvincular a autorização da pesquisa nessas áreas do sistema CEPs-CONEP, sistema nacional de Comitês de Ética na Pesquisa gerido pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Argumenta-se, contudo, que o foco principal do sistema da ética na pesquisa é a proteção da saúde física e mental dos participantes, o que configura uma questão afeita à bioética e à área da saúde, de maneira ampla, como processo biopsicossocial. Observa-se também que as técnicas de coleta de dados desenvolvidas pelas ciências humanas e sociais (entrevistas, questionários, observações participantes ou não) são também utilizadas pelas ciências da vida. Essas considerações indicam que o diálogo entre as áreas, propiciado pela composição de Comitês de Ética interdisciplinares, é salutar e necessário ao bom funcionamento do sistema, em que pese a possibilidade, admitida na legislação, da existência de comitês específicos para o julgamento da ética na pesquisa em ciências humanas e sociais. Propõe-se que novas pesquisas sejam feitas para o acompanhamento do funcionamento dos comitês de ética em universidades e instituições de pesquisa visando ao aprimoramento do sistema de regulação.The guidelines that regulate ethics in research involving human beings in Brazil, especially those that refer to the areas of the human and social sciences and to the sciences of education, are analysed in their relationships to bioethics and the sciences of life. The difficulties raised by researchers in the human areas in their dialogue with the interdisciplinary ethics committees are considered, including the possibility of disconnecting the authorization for research in these areas from the CEPs-CONEP system, the National System of Committees of Ethics in Research run by the National Health Board. Nevertheless, it is argued that the main focus of this system of ethics in research is the protection of the physical and mental health of the participants, which is considered a question within the area of bioethics and health, and broadly as a biopsychosocial process. It is also observed that the data collection techniques developed by the human and social sciences (interviews, questionnaires, observations or participant observations) are also utilized by the sciences of life. These considerations indicate that the dialogue between the areas, proportioned by the interdisciplinary composition of the ethics committees, is salutary and necessary for the good functioning of the system, despite the possibility, contemplated in the legislation, of specific committees existing for judging research ethics in the human and social sciences. It is proposed that new research be carried out for monitoring the functioning of the committees of ethics in universities and research institutions to perfect the regulatory system

Eficácia de um evidenciador de biofilme e de três escovas no controle da higiene de próteses totais

OBJECTIVE: This report evaluated the efficacy of three brushes and one biofilm disclosing agent in complete denture cleansing. METHODS: Twenty-seven wearers of maxillary dentures were distributed into three groups and received different brushes: Oral B40, conventional toothbrush (Oral B); Denture, denture-specific brush (Condor); Johnson & Johnson, denture-specific brush (Johnson & Johnson). The 60-day experimental period was divided into two techniques: I - brushing (brush associated with a paste - Dentu Creme, Dentco) three times a day; II - brushing and daily application of 1% neutral red on the denture internal surface. Biofilm quantification was carried out weekly and the areas with dye biofilm were obtained by means of Image Tool 2.02 software. RESULTS: Biofilm removal was more effective during Technique II (Wilcoxon test: p=0.01) for the three groups of brushes. When the brushes were compared in Technique I, the Kruskal Wallis test indicated statistical difference between Denture X Johnson & Johnson and Denture X Oral B40, in which the Denture was more efficient. For Technique II, there was no statistical difference between brushes (p>;0.05). CONCLUSION: The disclosed application promoted more efficacy on biofilm removal, regardless of the brush used. Denture (Condor) was more efficient than the other brushes during Technique I.Este trabalho avaliou três escovas e um evidenciador de biofilme na higiene de próteses totais. Vinte e sete usuários de próteses totais superiores foram distribuídos em três grupos que receberam diferentes escovas: Oral B40 para dentes naturais (Oral B); Denture para dentadura (Condor) e Johnson & Johnson para dentadura (Johnson & Johnson). O período experimental de 60 dias foi dividido em 2 Técnicas: I - utilização das escovas associadas a um dentifrício (Dentu-Creme, Dentco) três vezes ao dia; II - escovação e aplicação diária do evidenciador Vermelho neutro a 1% na superfície interna da prótese total. A quantificação do biofilme foi realizada semanalmente e as áreas com biofilme corado foram medidas com o auxílio do software Image Tool 2.02. A remoção do biofilme foi mais efetiva durante a Técnica II (teste de Wilcoxon: p=0.01) nos três grupos. Comparando as escovas, na Técnica I o teste de Kruskal Wallis indicou diferença significante (p=0.05) entre Denture X Johnson & Johnson e Denture X OralB 40, sendo a Denture a mais eficaz. Na Técnica II, as escovas não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante (p>;0,05). A aplicação do evidenciador promoveu maior eficácia na remoção do biofilme, independentemente da escova utilizada. Na comparação das escovas na Técnica I, a escova Denture foi a mais eficiente

Behaviors and hygiene habits of complete denture wearers

In this study, a questionnaire was applied to patients from Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the hygiene methods and habits concerning the use of complete dentures, the age of dentures, and whether patients have been instructed on how to clean their dentures. The mean age of patients was 63.35 years, and most of them were females (82.08%). The results showed that 62.26% of the respondents had been using the same maxillary complete denture for more than 5 years, and 49.06% used the same mandible complete denture for more than 5 years. Of the patients interviewed, 58.49% slept with the dentures. Mechanical brushing was the most used cleaning method by the patients (100%), using water, dentifrice and toothbrush (84.91%). Most patients (51.89%) reported never having been instructed by their dentists as to how to clean their dentures. Based on the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the patients interviewed had limited knowledge about prosthetic hygiene and oral care. The method more used by patients was the mechanical method of brushing, most patients used the same complete dentures for more than 5 years and slept with the dentures.Foi realizada uma pesquisa na Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, por meio da aplicação de questionário, para avaliar os métodos de higiene e hábitos referentes ao uso de prótese total, idade das próteses, e se os pacientes têm sido instruídos em como limpar suas próteses. A idade média dos pacientes estudados foi 63,35 anos, a maioria (82,08%) do sexo feminino. Os resultados mostraram que 62,26% dos entrevistados usavam a mesma prótese total superior há mais de 5 anos, e 49,06% a mesma prótese total inferior. Dos pacientes entrevistados, 58,49% dormiam com as próteses. O método mais utilizado pelos pacientes foi o método mecânico de escovação (100% dos pacientes), utilizando água, pasta e escova de dente (84,91%). A maioria dos pacientes (51,89%) relatou nunca ter sido orientado pelos dentistas de como higienizar as próteses. Baseado nas limitações deste estudo, concluiu-se que os pacientes entrevistados tinham conhecimento limitado sobre higiene protética e cuidados bucais. O método de higiene mais utilizado foi a escovação da prótese, a maioria dos pacientes usavam a mesma prótese total há mais de cinco anos e dormiam com as próteses

Exotic naturalized flora of continental Portugal – A reassessment

Six years after our last study on the exotic naturalized flora of continental Portugal, we present a reassessment. In 1999, we have considered the existence of 500 exotic species of vascular plants (invasive or more or less naturalized). From 1999 until now 64 new plant species records were added (12.8 % more), attaining now a total number of 564 taxa (including, as in precedent works, species, subspecies and some hybrids), belonging to 113 families.Seis años después de nuestro trabajo acerca de la flora exótica naturalizada de Portugal continental, presentamos una actualización. En 1999, habíamos considerado la presencia de 500 especies de plantas vasculares exóticas (invasoras o más o menos naturalizadas). Desde 1999 hasta el final de 2005 se detecta un incremento de 64 nuevas plantas exóticas (12,8 % más), alcanzando ahora el número total de 564 taxa (incluyendo, tal como en los trabajos previos, especies, subespecies y algunos híbridos), pertenecientes a 113 familias

Diplomacia em Saúde e Saúde Global: perspectivas latino-americanas

We will analyze and comment on the book Health Diplomacy and Global Health: Latin American Perspectives, edited by Paulo Marchiori Buss and Sebastián Tobar and published by Editora Fiocruz. Throughout its 653 pages, the book brings prominent national and foreign authors in the field of Health Diplomacy and Global Health, depicting a decade in which Brazil had great international protagonism in the field of Public Health, especially in South-South cooperation, in an innovative and structuring manner. Furthermore, the chapters present theoretical aspects and basic principles of Global Health as a new field of knowledge, in which the country has been developing and sharing scientific production with a Latin American perspective, focused on the pursuit of equity and health for all peoples of the world.Analisa-se e comenta-se a obra Diplomacia em Saúde e Saúde Global: perspectivas latino-americanas, editada por Paulo Marchiori Buss e Sebastián Tobar, publicado pela Editora Fiocruz. O livro, em 653 páginas, traz contribuições de destacados autores nacionais e estrangeiros no campo da diplomacia em saúde e da saúde global, retratando uma década em que o Brasil teve grande protagonismo internacional no campo da saúde pública, sobretudo na cooperação Sul-Sul, de forma inovadora e estruturante. Ademais, os capítulos apresentam aspectos teóricos e princípios básicos da saúde global como novo campo de conhecimento, no qual o país vem desenvolvendo e compartilhando uma produção científica com uma perspectiva latino-americana, voltada para a busca da equidade e da saúde para todos os povos do mundo

Dimensions of public relations activity : an exploratory study

The subject of this thesis is the emerging academic area of public relations (PR) (Hazleton and Botan, 1989: 13), which remains theoretically undeveloped and lacks empirical substantiation (Pasadeos et A, 1999). The phenomenon of PR activity incorporating -- all the people, institutions and activities that determine, constitute or result from PR work-- has exercised a growing influence upon society in general and the business world in particular (Cutlip, 1994; Ewen, 1996). The thesis seeks to contribute to the examination of a poorly researched phenomenon through a holistic approach by emphasising the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. Given the limited understanding of public relations, it was assumed that a more substantial contribution could be achieved through a general preliminary understanding of the complex phenomenon, rather than by focusing on separate parts without the knowledge of which parts are the most important. Following a review of the relevant literature, a preliminary study was conducted through 15 exploratory interviews, and this led to the identification of core characteristics associated with PR activity. These informed the construction of the research instrument for the main survey, which explored three units of analysis: PR practitioner, PR consultancy and PR industry. The holistic approach was achieved by using three units of analysis, instead of one, thereby facilitating the study of the phenomenon from a variety of angles. The population under study consisted of PR practitioners managing external consultancies in England. A total of 297 valid questionnaires (representing a 29.7% response rate) were analysed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in order to examine the component structure of the data. Nine scales of measurement were tested through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), with maximum likelihood estimation using LISREL 8.3 (Joreskog et al, 1999). The final constructs revealed composite reliability and convergent and nomological validity, which verified unidimensionality (Bollen, 1989). Eleven significant correlations among the nine latent constructs were found and analysed. Finally, 16 follow-up interviews were undertaken in order to assess the external validity of the new constructs and to help interpret their correlations. The main academic contributions of the research are: the identification of dimensions of PR activity, the operationalisation of its constituent elements, and the preliminary understanding of their co-existence. Three dimensions of PR activity are identified: practitioner, consultancy and industry forces. A PR practitioner is someone who practises the occupation of public relations. A PR consultancy is a company that gives expert advice on the particular subject of PR in exchange for payment. The PR industry consists of all the people and activities involved in providing the particular service of PR, and its forces consist of all the structural elements of the PR industry that affect those people and activities. Nine constructs relating to the three dimensions are identified. At the practitioner dimension, the constructs are managerial PR and permanence in job. At the consultancy dimension, the constructs are strategic needs from clients, and size. At the industry forces dimension, the constructs are industry standard, trade body contribution, quality of PR graduates, importance of qualifications, and competition. Researchers are encouraged to incorporate this study's new valid and reliable measures, the new empirically-based findings, and research directions in the future investigation of PR. Further refinement of both conceptual and measurement issues is suggested. The findings have important implications for both PR theory and practice (consultants, professional associations, academics and the industry as a whole). Additional guidelines are provided to stimulate future discussion and reveal potentially fruitful streams of research in the field. The study contributes to practice by identifying some of the main contemporaneous challenges: for the PR industry forces, the evolution towards a semi-professionalising occupation; for the PR consultancy, the satisfaction of client corporations' strategic needs; for the individual practitioner, the acquisition of new skills motivated by an ongoing evolution of PR from a tactical function to a strategic function. It is suggested that this natural transition period can be quickened in proportion to the ability of individual practitioners to unite and act as a unified community in order to achieve advances in public relations