Exposure to the mother activates the main olfactory bulb of lambs

The brain structures by which the lamb recognizes and bonds to its’ mother are unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the neuronal activation of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of lambs exposed to their mothers, lactating ewes or no social stimuli. The testing pen consisted of two similar pens (3mx2m) separated by a metallic fence. At separation, suckling lambs of one month of age were isolated for 90 min in one area of the testing pen. Thereafter, either the mother (n=10; group MOT) or a lactating-ewe (n=9; group LE) were introduced to an adjacent pen for another 90 min. In the third group, lambs remained isolated (n=9, group ISO). Neuronal activation was investigated 90 min later according to the time required for maximum c-Fos expression in sheep. A lamb was considered to be in the contact zone of a ewe when it was less than 80 cm from it. The time spent by the lamb walking in the contact zone, the time sniffing the ewe, the number of vocalizations and contact attempts with the ewe were recorded during the first 20 min. Thereafter, the lambs were anaesthetized with an I.V. injection of sodium thiopental (12.5 mg/kg) followed by bleeding. The MOBs were dissected and fixed in paraformaldehyde and stored in sucrose solution. The MOBs were sectioned using a cryostat, and sections were used for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The number of c-Fos-positive cells in the granular layer of the MOB (12 sections/animal) was measured using a light microscope, and the density of labelled cells was determined using the Mercator software. The lambs of the three groups differed in the time walking (3.1±17 s, 29.4±10.0s and 210.5±37.6s; for ISO, LE and MOT lambs, respectively, P<0.0001). MOT and LE lambs vocalized more than ISO lambs (17.3±4.7 and 7.4±4.5 vs 0.1±0.1;P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). MOT lambs attempted to reunite with their mother more than LE lambs did with the lactating ewe (21.7±5.8 vs 2.6±1.0;P=0.04), sniffed more often the mother (13.3±3.3 vs 4.0±1.1;P=0.01), and tended to do so during more time (27.1±11.1s vs 4.9±1.4s;P=0.059). C-Fos immunoreactivity differed according to the treatment (P=0.049): it was greater in MOT than ISO lambs (1.59±0.27X10-3mm3 vs 1.17±0.26X10-3mm3; P=0.014), while LE lambs had intermediate values that did not differ from any (1.38±0.28X10-3mm3). Recognition of the mother is accompanied with an increased activation of the MOB of lambs, suggesting that olfactory cues from the mother are important for the recognition process.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovació

EuReCa ONE—27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of the EuReCa ONE study was to determine the incidence, process, and outcome for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) throughout Europe.MethodsThis was an international, prospective, multi-centre one-month study. Patients who suffered an OHCA during October 2014 who were attended and/or treated by an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) were eligible for inclusion in the study. Data were extracted from national, regional or local registries.ResultsData on 10,682 confirmed OHCAs from 248 regions in 27 countries, covering an estimated population of 174 million. In 7146 (66%) cases, CPR was started by a bystander or by the EMS. The incidence of CPR attempts ranged from 19.0 to 104.0 per 100,000 population per year. 1735 had ROSC on arrival at hospital (25.2%), Overall, 662/6414 (10.3%) in all cases with CPR attempted survived for at least 30 days or to hospital discharge.ConclusionThe results of EuReCa ONE highlight that OHCA is still a major public health problem accounting for a substantial number of deaths in Europe.EuReCa ONE very clearly demonstrates marked differences in the processes for data collection and reported outcomes following OHCA all over Europe. Using these data and analyses, different countries, regions, systems, and concepts can benchmark themselves and may learn from each other to further improve survival following one of our major health care events

Secretome Analysis from the Ectomycorrhizal Ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum

Cenococcum geophilum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus with global distribution in numerous habitats and associates with a large range of host species including gymnosperm and angiosperm trees. Moreover, C. geophilum is the unique ectomycorrhizal species within the clade Dothideomycetes, the largest class of Ascomycetes containing predominantly saprotrophic and many devastating phytopathogenic fungi. Recent studies highlight that mycorrhizal fungi, as pathogenic ones, use effectors in form of Small Secreted Proteins (SSPs) as molecular keys to promote symbiosis. In order to better understand the biotic interaction of C. geophilum with its host plants, the goal of this work was to characterize mycorrhiza-induced small-secreted proteins (MiSSPs) that potentially play a role in the ectomycorrhiza formation and functioning of this ecologically very important species. We combined different approaches such as gene expression profiling, genome localization and conservation of MiSSP genes in different C. geophilum strains and closely related species as well as protein subcellular localization studies of potential targets of MiSSPs in interacting plants using in tobacco leaf cells. Gene expression analyses of C. geophilum interacting with Pinus sylvestris (pine) and Populus tremula × Populus alba (poplar) showed that similar sets of genes coding for secreted proteins were up-regulated and only few were specific to each host. Whereas pine induced more carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), the interaction with poplar induced the expression of specific SSPs. We identified a set of 22 MiSSPs, which are located in both, gene-rich, repeat-poor or gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions of the C. geophilum genome, a genome showing a bipartite architecture as seen for some pathogens but not yet for an ectomycorrhizal fungus. Genome re-sequencing data of 15 C. geophilum strains and two close relatives Glonium stellatum and Lepidopterella palustris were used to study sequence conservation of MiSSP-encoding genes. The 22 MiSSPs showed a high presence-absence polymorphism among the studied C. geophilum strains suggesting an evolution through gene gain/gene loss. Finally, we showed that six CgMiSSPs target four distinct sub-cellular compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, cytosol and tonoplast. Overall, this work presents a comprehensive analysis of secreted proteins and MiSSPs in different genetic level of C. geophilum opening a valuable resource to future functional analysis

Secretome Analysis from the Ectomycorrhizal Ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum.

Cenococcum geophilum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus with global distribution in numerous habitats and associates with a large range of host species including gymnosperm and angiosperm trees. Moreover, C. geophilum is the unique ectomycorrhizal species within the clade Dothideomycetes, the largest class of Ascomycetes containing predominantly saprotrophic and many devastating phytopathogenic fungi. Recent studies highlight that mycorrhizal fungi, as pathogenic ones, use effectors in form of Small Secreted Proteins (SSPs) as molecular keys to promote symbiosis. In order to better understand the biotic interaction of C. geophilum with its host plants, the goal of this work was to characterize mycorrhiza-induced small-secreted proteins (MiSSPs) that potentially play a role in the ectomycorrhiza formation and functioning of this ecologically very important species. We combined different approaches such as gene expression profiling, genome localization and conservation of MiSSP genes in different C. geophilum strains and closely related species as well as protein subcellular localization studies of potential targets of MiSSPs in interacting plants using in tobacco leaf cells. Gene expression analyses of C. geophilum interacting with Pinus sylvestris (pine) and Populus tremula × Populus alba (poplar) showed that similar sets of genes coding for secreted proteins were up-regulated and only few were specific to each host. Whereas pine induced more carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), the interaction with poplar induced the expression of specific SSPs. We identified a set of 22 MiSSPs, which are located in both, gene-rich, repeat-poor or gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions of the C. geophilum genome, a genome showing a bipartite architecture as seen for some pathogens but not yet for an ectomycorrhizal fungus. Genome re-sequencing data of 15 C. geophilum strains and two close relatives Glonium stellatum and Lepidopterella palustris were used to study sequence conservation of MiSSP-encoding genes. The 22 MiSSPs showed a high presence-absence polymorphism among the studied C. geophilum strains suggesting an evolution through gene gain/gene loss. Finally, we showed that six CgMiSSPs target four distinct sub-cellular compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, cytosol and tonoplast. Overall, this work presents a comprehensive analysis of secreted proteins and MiSSPs in different genetic level of C. geophilum opening a valuable resource to future functional analysis