Borboletas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea e papilionoidea) de val de serra, região central do rio grande do sul, Brasil

The butterfly fauna of the Atlantic Forest Biome is reasonably well-known up to the southern limit of its distribution. However, there are knowledge gaps nearby the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, whose forest areas are considered priorities for biological conservation. This study investigated the butterfly assemblage of a riparian fragment in an ecotone area between Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Seasonal Decidous Forest, in Itaara municipality. From September 2005 to September 2006, after 105 net-hours through active search sampling, 877 butterflies were registered representing 104 species. Three more species were registered posteriorly, increasing total richness to 107. The most abundant species were the Nymphalidae Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775), Yphthimoides celmis (Godart, [1824]), Agraulis vanillae maculosa (Stichel, [1908]), Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz, 1821) and Vanessa braziliensis (Moore, 1883). One new record for the State and four new ones for the central region were registered besides the southern endemic Papilionidae Euryades corethrus (Boisduval, 1836) and the Lycaenidae Arcas ducalis (Westwood, 1852), considered indicator of Atlantic forest preserved areas. Due to the representativeness of the registered fauna, it is suggested the increase of conservation efforts in the area and stimulation of new ecological studies with the local biodiversity

Hybrid speciation driven by multilocus introgression of ecological traits

Hybridization allows adaptations to be shared among lineages and may trigger the evolution of new species1,2. However, convincing examples of homoploid hybrid speciation remain rare because it is challenging to demonstrate that hybridization was crucial in generating reproductive isolation3. Here we combine population genomic analysis with quantitative trait locus mapping of species-specific traits to examine a case of hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies. We show that Heliconius elevatus is a hybrid species that is sympatric with both parents and has persisted as an independently evolving lineage for at least 180,000 years. This is despite pervasive and ongoing gene flow with one parent, Heliconius pardalinus, which homogenizes 99% of their genomes. The remaining 1% introgressed from the other parent, Heliconius melpomene, and is scattered widely across the H. elevatus genome in islands of divergence from H. pardalinus. These islands contain multiple traits that are under disruptive selection, including colour pattern, wing shape, host plant preference, sex pheromones and mate choice. Collectively, these traits place H. elevatus on its own adaptive peak and permit coexistence with both parents. Our results show that speciation was driven by introgression of ecological traits, and that speciation with gene flow is possible with a multilocus genetic architecture

Population Biology Of Heterosais Edessa (nymphalidae) And Its Associated Atlantic Forest Ithomiinae Community

The early stages of Heterosais edessa, an advanced species of Ithomiinae (Nymphalidae) are described. Adult population size, sex ratio, longevity, food resources and movement are given for this species and compared with those of 17 other members of the local Ithomiinae community.504273289Ackery, P.R., The danaid genus Tellervo (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a cladistic approach (1987) Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 89, pp. 293-1274Bates, H.W., Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley, Lepidoptera: Heliconidae (1862) Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 23, pp. 495-566Beccaloni, G.W., Gaston, K.J., Predicting the species richness of neotropical forest butterflies: Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as indicators (1995) Biol. Cons., 71, pp. 77-86Brown, I.L., Ehrlich, P.R., Population biology of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas chalcedona. Structure of the Jasper Ridge colony (1980) Oecologia, 47, pp. 239-251Brown Jr., K.S., Maximizing daily butterfly counts (1972) J. Lepid. Soc., 26, pp. 183-196The biology of Heliconius and related genera (1981) Ann. Rev. Entomol., 26, pp. 427-456Chemical ecology of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in adult Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1985) Rev. Bras. Bio., 44, pp. 435-460Conservation of neotropical environments: Insects as indicators (1991) Conservation of Insects and Their Habitats, pp. 499-504. , Collins, N. M. & J. A. Thomas (eds.), Academic Press, LondonBorboletas da Serra do Japí: Diversidade, hábitats, recursos alimentares e variação temporal (1992) História Natural Da Serra Do Japí. Ecologia e Preservação de Uma Area Florestal No Sudeste Do Brasil, pp. 142-186. , Morellato, L. P. C. (Org.), Editora da UNICAMP, Campinas, SPBrown Jr., K.S., D'Almeida, R.F., The Ithomiinae of Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). II. A new genus and species of Ithomiinae with comments on the tribe Dircennini D'Almeida (1970) Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 96, pp. 1-18Brown Jr., K.S., Benson, W.W., Adaptive polymorphism associated with multiple mullerian mimicry in Heliconius numata (Lepid. Nymph.) (1974) Biotropica, 6, pp. 205-228Brown Jr., K.S., Freitas, A.V.L., Juvenile stages of Ithomiinae: Overview and systematics (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1994) Trop. Lepid., 5, pp. 9-20Brown Jr., K.S., Damman, A.J., Feeny, P., Troidine swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in southeastern Brazil: natural history and foodplant relationships (1981) J. Res. Lepid., 19, pp. 199-226Brussahd, P.F., Ehrlich, P.R., The population structure of Erehia epipsodea (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) (1970) Ecology, 51, pp. 119-129Brussard, P.F., Ehrlich, P.R., Singer, M.C., Adult movements and population structure in Euphydryas editha (1974) Evolution, 28, pp. 408-415Devries, P.J., Patterns of butterfly diversity and promising topics in natural history and ecology (1994) La Selva. Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest, pp. 187-194. , McDade, L. A., K. S. Bawa, H. A. Hespenheide & G. S. Hartshorn (eds.), Univ. Chicago Press, ChicagoDrummond III, B.A., (1976) Comparative Ecology and Mimetic Relationships of Ithomiine Butterflies in Eastern Ecuador, pp. xvi+361p. , Unpubl. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. FloridaDrummond III, B.A., Brown Jr., K.S., Ithomiinae (Lepid.: Nymphalidae): summary of known larval foodplants (1987) Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden, 74, pp. 341-358Dunlap-Pianka, H., Boggs, C.L., Gilbert, L.E., Ovarian dynamics in heliconiine butterflies: Programmed senescence versus eternal youth (1977) Science, 197, pp. 487-490Ehrlich, P.R., The structure and dynamics of butterfly populations (1984) The Biology of Butterflies, pp. 25-40. , Vane-Wright, R. I. & P. R. Ackery (eds.), Academic Press, LondonEhrlich, P.R., Davidson, S.E., Techniques for capture-recapture studies of Lepidoptera populations (1960) J. Lepid. Soc., 14, pp. 227-229Ehrlich, P.R., Gilbert, L.E., Population structure and dynamics of the tropical butterfly Heliconius ethilla (1973) Biotropica, 5, pp. 69-82Freitas, A.V.L., Variação morfólogica, ciclo de vida e sistemática de Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Melitaeinae) no Estado de São Paulo (1991) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 35, pp. 301-306Biology and population dynamics of Placidula euryanassa, a relict ithomiine butterfly (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) (1993) J. Lepid. Soc., 47, pp. 87-105Freitas, A.V.L., Oliveira, P.S., Biology and behavior of the neotropical butterfly Eunica bechina (Nymphalidae) with special reference to larval defence against ant predation (1992) J. Res. Lepid., 31, pp. 1-11Gilbert, L.E., Food web organization and the conservation of neotropical diversity (1980) Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-ecological Perspective, pp. 11-33. , Soule, M. E. & B. A. Wilcox (eds.), Sinauer, Sunderland, MassachusettsHaber, W., (1978) Evolutionary Ecology of Tropical Mimetic Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae), , Unpubl. Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. MinnesotaMatsumoto, K., Population dynamics of Luehdorfia japonica Leech (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). I. A preliminary study on the adult population (1984) Res. Popul. Ecol., 26, pp. 1-12Population dynamics of the Japanese clouded apollo Parnassius glacialis Butler (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). I. Changes in population size and related population parameters for three successive generations (1985) Res. Popul. Ecol., 27, pp. 301-312Müller, F., Ituna and Thyridiaa remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies (1879) Proc. Entomol. Soc. London, pp. 20-29. , translated by R. MeldolaNimer, E., Climatologia da Região sudeste do Brasil. Introdução a climatologia dinâmica (1972) Rev. Bras. Geogr., 34, pp. 3-48Pianka, E.R., On r- and K-selection (1970) Am. Nat., 104, pp. 592-597Prodesan, A., (1969) Estudo Da Viabilidade Do Distrito Industrial de Santos, 91pSetzeh, J., (1949) Contribuição para O Estudo Do Clima Do Estado de São Paulo, 239p. , Edit. Escolas Profissionais Salesianas, São PauloTrigo, J.R., (1988) Ecologia Química Na Interação Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)/Echitoideae (Angiospermae: Apocynaceae), pp. xiv+199p. , Unpubl. M. S. Thesis, Univ. Estad. de Campinas, Campinas, SPUrurahy, J.C., Collares, J.E.R., Santos, M.M., Barheto, R.A.A., Vegetação (1987) Projeto RADAMBRASIL, 32, pp. 23-24. , 4. Rio de Janeiro e Vitória. Edit Ministério das Minas e Energia, Brasília, DFVasconcellos-Neto, J., (1980) Dinâmica de Populações de Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Em Sumaré-SP, pp. vi+206p. , Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Estad. de Campinas, Campinas, SPInteractions between Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Solanaceae (1986) Solanaceae, Biology and Systematics, pp. 366-377. , D'Arcy, W. G. (ed.), Columbia Univ. Press, New YorkInteractions between ithomiine butterflies and Solanaceae: Feeding and reproductive strategies (1991) Plant-animal Interactions. Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions, pp. 291-313. , Price, P. W., T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes & W. W. Benson (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New YorkYoung, A.M., On the life cycle and natural history of Hynienitis nero (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae) in Costa Rica (1972) Psyche, 79, pp. 284-294On the biology of Godyris zavaleta caesiopicta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) (1974) Entomol. News, 85, pp. 227-238A natural historical account of Oleria zelica pagasa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) in a Costa Rican mountain rain forest (1974) Stud. Neotrop. Fauna, 9, pp. 123-140Notes on the biology of Pteronymia notilla (Ithomiidae) in a Costa Rican mountain forest (1974) J. Lepid. Soc., 28, pp. 257-268The biology of the butterfly Aeria eurimedia agna (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae: Oleriini) in Costa Rica (1978) J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 51, pp. 1-10Notes on the biology of the butterfly Hypoleria cassotis (Bates) (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) in northeastern Costa Rica (1978) Brenesia, 14-15, pp. 97-108Young, A.M., Moffett, M.W., Studies on the population biology of the tropical butterfly Mechanitis isthmia in Costa Rica (1979) Am. Midi. Nat., 101, pp. 309-31