Spatial analysis of leishmaniasis in Brazil: a systematized review

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of scientific papers that used spatial analysis tools in cases of leishmaniasis, in Brazil. The search for articles was carried out in PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The keywords used in the identification of the articles were Thematic map AND Leishmaniasis, Spatial analysis AND Leishmaniasis, and Geoprocessing AND Leishmaniasis, in English language. A total of 360 articles were found, and 11 of them were analyzed after screening by title and abstract as well as reading of the full articles. The States studied were Sao Paulo, Acre, Maranhao, Piaui, Minas Gerais, Parana and Tocantins. Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred predominantly in rural areas, with clusters in forest reserve regions or modified forest areas. Conversely, visceral leishmaniasis mainly occurred in peripheral and central urban areas associated with poorer environments and urban infrastructure, including worse sanitation. We conclude that the spatial distribution of leishmaniasis is closely related to the living environment of the risk population. The analyzed articles associated geospatial data with some risk factors for the disease, pointing out the locations where most cases occur, creating a relevant source to define control strategies

Diagnosis and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii in horses from Brazilian slaughterhouses Diagnóstico e isolamento de Toxoplasma gondii em equídeos de frigoríficos brasileiros

Abstract This study aimed to investigate anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and to isolate the parasite from the brains of horses processed at slaughterhouses in Brazil. We collected brain and blood samples from 398 horses of various ages, from six Brazilian states. Serum samples were evaluated by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT cut-off titre ≥ 1:64), and brains were submitted to mouse bioassay. Among the 398 horses, positivity for T. gondii was identified in 46 (11.6%) by IFAT and in 14 (3.5%) by mouse bioassay. In 12 of those 14 bioassays, mice were positive only by IFAT (cut-off titre ≥ 1:16), T. gondii being isolated in the remaining two. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of 18S rDNA to differentiate among T. gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcocystis neurona, we found that two of the 14 brains were positive for T. gondii only. For genotyping of the two isolates and the PCR-positive brain, we performed PCR-RFLP based on 13 markers, and SAG2 all samples were Toxoplasma gondii type I. Collectively, IFAT of horse sera and mouse bioassay identified positivity in 60 (15%) of the samples. Our results show that some horses sent to slaughter in Brazil have been exposed to T. gondii. Keywords: Slaughterhouse, horses, Toxoplasma gondii, bioassay, indirect fluorescent antibody test, nested PCR-RFLP. Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e isolar o parasita do cérebro de equídeos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos no Brasil. Colheram-se amostras de 398 cérebros e sangue de equídeos machos e fêmeas de idades variadas, provenientes de seis estados brasileiros. As amostras de soro foram avaliadas pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) para T. gondii (ponto de corte ≥ 64), e os fragmentos de cérebros foram submetidos ao bioensaio em camundongos. Por meio da IFI, 46 (11,6%) equídeos foram soropositivos. Pelo bioensaio em camundongos, 14 (3,5%) cérebros de equídeos testados foram positivos. Em doze dos bioensaios, os camundongos foram positivos somente pela IFI (ponto de corte ≥ 16) e T. gondii foi isolado nos outros dois bioensaios. A PCR-RFLP com base em 18S rDNA para diferenciar entre T. gondii, Neospora caninum, e Sarcocystis neurona foram feitas em todos os 14 cérebros e dois foram positivos apenas para T. gondii. De dois isolados positivos para T. gondii e do cérebro positivo à PCR em que realizou-se a PCR-RFLP, com base em 13 marcadores e SAG2, a genotipagem mostrou ser o T. gondii tipo I para todas as amostras. A IFI de soros de equídeos e do bioensaio em camundongos identificaram positividade em 60 (15%) amostras testadas. Os resultados mostram que alguns cavalos enviados para abate foram expostos ao T. gondii

Toxoplasma gondii em lingüiças frescas de porco e soroprevalência em açougueiros de fábricas de Londrina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a presença de cistos de Toxoplasma gondii em lingüiça de origem suína tipo frescal e de anticorpos anti-T. gondii no soro de trabalhadores de indústrias produtoras, com Serviço de Inspeção Municipal (SIM) de Londrina, PR. Buscou-se ainda, obter informações relativas às práticas adotadas nestas indústrias e aos hábitos dos trabalhadores, que pudessem influenciar na prevalência desta parasitose. Foram coletadas 149 amostras de lingüiça em oito indústrias produtoras e 47 amostras de sangue de todos os trabalhadores destes locais. Após a realização do bioensaio em camundongos, obteve-se 13 (8,72%) amostras de lingüiça positivas, sendo que em uma o parasita foi isolado e nas outras 12 os camundongos soroconverteram. Dos 47 trabalhadores, 36 (76,6%) atuavam na produção de lingüiça e 11 (23,4%) exerciam outras funções; os percentuais de soropositivos ao T. gondii foram, respectivamente, 59,5% (28/47), 55,5% (20/36) e 72,7% (8/11). Não houve diferença significativa entre nenhuma das variáveis relacionadas às indústrias e aos trabalhadores. Os resultados permitem inferir que lingüiças tipo frescal possuem importância na cadeia epidemiológica da toxoplasmose no Município de Londrina-PR.The aims of this study were to verify the presence of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in fresh pork sausage and the presence of antibodies against T. gondii in serum of workers from factories with Municipal Inspection Service, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. 149 samples of sausage were collected from eight factories and blood samples from 47 workers. We also took information about the practices that were adopted in the factories and the workers' habits that could influence the prevalence of toxoplasmosis. After bioassay in mice, 13 (8.7%) sausage samples were positive, in one of them T. gondii was isolated and in the other 12 the mice seroconverted. Of 47 workers, 36 (76.6%) worked in sausage production and 11 (23.4%) were involved in other functions; 59.5% (28/47), 55.5% (20/36) and 72.7% (8/11), respectively, had T. gondii antibodies. There were no significant differences in the variables of industries' practices and workers' habits related to T. gondii infection. We concluded that fresh pork sausage could be important in the transmission of toxoplasmosis

Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em caprinos de Pitanga, Paraná, Brasil

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera from naturally infected milk-producing caprines using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and modified agglutination test (MAT), determine specificity and sensibility of MAT and to evaluate the agreement of results between the tests. For this study, 282 caprine serum samples were collected from farms in the city of Pitanga, Paraná State, a region with a high pecuary of small ruminants. Prevalence found by IFA was of 44.68% and 23.05% by MAT. There was statistically significant difference (p=0.0086) in relation to the gender of animals, being females more seropositive. Sensitivity and specificity results for MAT were, respectively, 42.2% and 94.9%. By comparing results, a moderate agreement was observed (Kappa = 0.42). The high prevalence for the infection, associated to high titers found by IFA and clinical signs presented in the herds suggest toxoplasmosis as one of the causes of reproductive problems in caprines. Sensitivity and specificity results for MAT obtained in this study allow this test to be recommended as a confirmatory test for the caprine species.Objetivou-se verificar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em soros de caprinos de produção leiteira naturalmente infectados utilizando os testes de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) e o de aglutinação modificada (MAT), determinar a especificidade e a sensibilidade do MAT e avaliar a concordância dos resultados entre os testes. Para o estudo foram coletadas 282 amostras de soro caprino, de propriedades do município de Pitanga, Paraná, região com uma grande pecuária de pequenos ruminantes. A prevalência encontrada pela IFI foi de 44,68% e 23,05% pelo MAT. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,0086) em relação ao sexo dos animais, sendo que as fêmeas foram mais soropositivas. Os resultados de sensibilidade e especificidade para o MAT foram, respectivamente, 42,2% e 94,9%. Na comparação dos resultados foi observada uma concordância moderada (Kappa = 0,42). A alta prevalência da infecção, aliada aos altos títulos obtidos pela IFI e aos sinais clínicos presentes nos rebanhos sugere a toxoplasmose como uma possível causa de problemas reprodutivos em caprinos. Os resultados de sensibilidade e especificidade para o MAT obtidos neste estudo permitem recomendá-lo como teste confirmatório para a espécie caprina

Avaliação da infecção experimental por Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle e Manceuax, 1909) em suínos pelas provas de bioensaio em camundongos e reação em cadeia pela polimerase

The aim of the present experiment was to standardize a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of experimentally infected pigs and to compare the performance of nPCR with the standard isolation technique, the bioassay in mice. Comparison between the two methods was done testing eight 4 month-old pigs orally inoculated with 5 x 10(4) oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii (AS-28 strain) and three non-infected pigs at the same age, kept as control. All animals were euthanatized 47 days after infection and samples of brain, heart, tongue and retina were collected from each animal for analysis by nPCR and bioassay in mice. By using the bioassay, Toxoplasma gondii was detected in 4 infected pigs, being two in the retina, one in the heart and one in the tongue. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in five of the inoculated pigs, being: three in the tongue, two in the brain and heart and one in retina. The detection threshold of the nPCR on mouse brain suspension artificially infected with the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was 10 tachyzoites/ml. Although both techniques were unable to detect the parasite in all infected pigs, nPCR showed better performance as it was accomplished in a shorter period of time. When used concurrently, both techniques detected the agent in seven infected animals. The only way to increase sensitivity of either method is to increase the amount of tissue to be examined.O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de padronizar uma técnica de reação em cadeia pela polimerase, nested PCR, para detectar Toxoplasma gondii em tecidos de suínos infectados experimentalmente e comparar os resultados obtidos com a técnica padrão de isolamento, o bioensaio em camundongos Para testar a técnica padronizada, foram inoculados, oralmente, oito suínos com quatro meses de idade, com 5x10(4) oocistos de Toxoplasma gondii (cepa AS-28) e três suínos com a mesma idade, não infectados, foram mantidos como controles. Todos os animais foram sacrificados 47 dias após a infecção e colheu-se amostras de cérebro, coração, língua e retina de cada animal para as provas de bioensaio e PCR. Pela prova de bioensaio foi isolado o parasita quatro dos animais inoculados, sendo dois na retina, um no coração e um na língua. O DNA de Toxoplasma gondii foi detectado em cinco dos suínos inoculados, sendo: em três dos animais na língua, em dois no cérebro e no coração e na retina de um dos animais. O limiar de detecção da nPCR foi de 10 taquizoítas/mL de suspensão de cérebro de camundongos artificialmente contaminada. Nenhuma das técnicas detectou o agente em todos os animais inoculados, entretanto a nPCR, apresentou maior capacidade de detecção e menor tempo para a obtenção do diagnóstico. A utilização das técnicas em associação foi capaz de detectar o agente em sete dos animais inoculados. A única forma de melhorar a sensibilidade do método seria aumentando a quantidade de tecido a ser examinado

Cross-Sectional Study of Leptospira spp. and Brucela abortus in Goat Herds from Paraná State, Brazil

Background: Leptospirosis and brucellosis are zoonosis worldwide distributed that have great economic importance, especially in goats. This study aimed to carry out a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. and anti-Brucella abortus antibodies and to determine epidemiological variables associated to infection by these ethiological agents in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Serum samples were collected from 1055 goats of 95 properties distributed in 18 regional centers of Paraná State from April to August of 2010. Collected samples were submitted to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the detection of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies with 22 reference serovars: Australis, Bratislava, Autumnalis, Butembo, Castellonis, Bataviae, Canicola, Fortbragg, Whitcombi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Panama, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Wolffi, Shermani, Tarassovi and Londrina 1 (L1). The samples were also submitted to buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPA) and 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME) to detect anti-Brucella abortus antibodies. The results obtained from epidemiological and serological study were analysed by Epi Info 3.5.3. We observed 9.9% (104/1055) of goats reagents in at least one serovar of Leptospira spp. and no reagent animal to Brucella abortus. The variables that were statistically significant with leptospirosis were: production type meat, sewer destination in dry sump, frequent abortion, shared use of pastures, slaughter of animals on the property, the presence of pigs and wild animals such as deer and capybaras on the property.Discussion: This was the first study about antibodies prevalence against Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus in goat herds from Paraná State. The presence of both animal species were statiscally associated to risk of leptospirosis. It is necessary avoid the acess of these animals in herds, decreasing the dissemination of the agent. The production type meat is a form of creation in which the animals have no care of zookeepers and continuous veterinary care. The final destination of sewage was statistically associated to risk of leptospirosis in goats and this is a big problem in rural properties, requiring greater attention of authorities for proper disposal of this wastewater, reducing water and food contamination. Among the variables related to management, the herds that used rented pasture or shared pastures also were statistically associated to risk of leptospirosis in goats; with the sharing of pastures a greater flow of animals transiting in the pickets occurs, allowing not only flocks of goats, but other species also, to use the same pastures and become more exposed to certain diseases. The slaughter of pigs, sheep, cattle and goats on the property is a problem for animal and human health due to lack of sanitary inspection. Abortion is one of the main clinical signs of leptospirosis in farm animals, particularly goats. The knowledge of these results will be useful to develop control programs for the disease in Paraná State herds.  The absence of circulating anti-Brucella abortus antibodies in goat herds has also been reported in other Brazilian States

Fatores associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em gestantes atendidas nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Rolândia, Paraná, Brasil

The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the factors associated to the infection in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil. The sample was divided in two groups: group I (320 pregnant women who were analyzed from July 2007 to February 2008) and group II (287 pregnant women who were analyzed from March to October 2008). In group I, it was found 53.1% of pregnant women with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive, 1.9% with IgG and IgM reactive, 0.3% with IgG non-reactive and IgM reactive and 44.7% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. In group II, it was found 55.1% with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive and 44.9% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. The variables associated to the presence of IgG antibodies were: residence in rural areas, pregnant women between 35-40 years old, low educational level, low family income, more than one pregnancy, drinking water which does not originate from the public water supply system and the habit of handling soil or sand. Guidance on primary prevention measures and the quarterly serological monitoring of the pregnant women in the risk group are important measures to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii e os fatores associados à infecção em gestantes atendidas nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Rolândia, Paraná, Brasil. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo I (320 gestantes, analisadas entre julho de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008) e grupo II (287 gestantes, analisadas de março a outubro de 2008). No grupo I, foram encontrados 53,1% de gestantes IgG reagente e IgM não reagente, 1,9% de IgG e IgM reagentes, 0,3% de IgG não reagente e IgM reagente e 44,7% de IgG e IgM não reagentes. No grupo II foram 55,1% de IgG reagente e IgM não reagente e 44,9% de IgG e IgM não reagentes. As variáveis associadas à infecção foram: residência em área rural, gestantes entre 35-40 anos de idade, baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, mais de uma gravidez, consumo de água não proveniente do sistema de abastecimento público de água e hábito de manipular terra ou areia. As orientações sobre medidas de prevenção primária e o acompanhamento sorológico trimestral das gestantes no grupo de risco são medidas importantes para prevenir a toxoplasmose congênita