Multi-target analysis of cytostatics in hospital effluents over a 9-month period

The consumption of cytostatics, pharmaceuticals prescribed in chemotherapy, is increasing every year and worldwide, along with the incidence of cancer. The presence and the temporal evolution of cytostatics in wastewaters from a Portuguese hospital center was evaluated through a 9-month sampling campaign, comprising a total of one hundred and twenty-nine samples, collected from May 2019 to February 2020. Eleven cytostatics out of thirteen pharmaceuticals were studied, including flutamide, mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid, which have never been monitored before. Target analytes were extracted and quantified by solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis; the method was fully validated. All pharmaceuticals were detected in at least one sample, bicalutamide being the one found with higher frequency (detected in all samples), followed by mycophenolic acid, which was also the compound detected at higher concentrations (up to 5340 ± 211 ng/L). Etoposide, classified as carcinogenic to humans, was detected in 60% of the samples at concentrations up to 142 ± 15 ng/L. The risk from exposure to cytostatics was estimated for aquatic organisms living in receiving bodies. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, flutamide, megestrol and mycophenolic acid are suspected to induce risk. Long-term and synergic effects should not be neglected, even for the cytostatics for which no risk was estimated

Biomecánica del pilar canino en el cráneo humano basada en la geometría utilizando análisis de elementos finitos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)This study evaluated the stress distribution based on the canine pillar geometry in human skull, using a finite element analysis. Computed tomography of human skull was used to build a finite element model, which was composed by all bony structures of canine pillar: canine eminence, canine fossa, frontal process of maxilla, glabellum and superciliary arch. A support on the bite contact of maxillary canine tooth and a resultant force of the masticatory muscles was applied in the simulation. Equivalent Von-mises and maximum principal stresses were analyzed along the structures that compose the canine pillar geometry. Von-mises stress presented high stress concentrated at the canine fossa and frontal process of maxilla. Maximum principal stress showed compression areas at the canine fossa and part of frontal process and tensile stress at canine eminence and part of the frontal process. In conclusion, the different stress areas means different force concentrations transmitted along the canine pillar geometry during a peak canine bite.This study evaluated the stress distribution based on the canine pillar geometry in human skull, using a finite element analysis. Computed tomography of human skull was used to build a finite element model, which was composed by all bony structures of can321214220CAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)sem informaçãoEste estudio evaluó la distribución de la tensión sobre la geometría del pilar canino en el cráneo humano, utilizando análisis de elementos finitos. Se usó la tomografía computarizada de cráneo humano para construir un modelo de elementos finitos compuestBrazil for financial support and the Center for Information Technology “Renato Archer” (Campinas, Brazil) for technical and scientific suppor

Biomass allometry and carbon factors for a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Portugal

Forests play an important role in the global carbon balance because they offset a large portion of the carbon dioxide emitted through human activities. Accurate estimates are necessary for national reporting of greenhouse gas inventories, carbon credit trading and forest carbon management but in Portugal reliable and accessible forest carbon measurement methodologies are still lacking for some species. The objective of this study was to provide forest managers with a comprehensive database of carbon factors and equations that allows estimating stand-level carbon stocks in Pinus pinea L. (P. pinea), regardless of the tree inventory information available. We produced aboveground biomass and stem volume equations, biomass expansion factors (BEF) by component as well as wood basic density (WBD) and component carbon fraction in biomass. A root-to-shoot ratio is also presented using data from trees in which the root system was completely excavated. We harvested 53 trees in centre and south Portugal covering different sizes (6.5 to 56.3 cm), ages (10 to 45 years) and stand densities (20 to 580 trees ha–1). The results indicate that aboveground allometry in P. pinea is not comparable with other pines and varies considerably with stand characteristics, highlighting the need to develop stand-dependent factors and equations for local or regional carbon calculations. BEFaboveground decreases from open (1.33 ± 0.03 Mg m–3) to closed stands (1.07 ± 0.01 Mg m–3) due to a change in biomass allocation pattern from stem to branches. Average WBD was 0.50 ± 0.01 Mg m–3 but varies with tree dimensions and the root-to-shoot ratio found was 0.30 ± 0.03. The carbon fraction was statistically different from the commonly used 0.5 factor for some biomass components. The equations and factors produced allow evaluating carbon stocks in P. pinea stands in Portugal, contributing to a more accurate estimation of carbon sequestered by this forest type

Trigeminal Neuralgia: Literature Review

The trigeminal nerve, fifth equal of cranial nerves, a mixed nerve is considered by possessing motor and sensitive components. The sensitive portion takes to the Nervous System Central somesthesics information from the skin and mucous membrane of great area of the face, being responsible also for a neural disease, known as the Trigeminal Neuralgia. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the main characteristics of Trigeminal Neuralgia, the relevant aspects for the diagnosis and treatment options for this pathology. This neuralgia is characterized by hard pains and sudden, similar to electric discharges, with duration between a few seconds to two minutes, in the trigeminal nerve sensorial distribution. The pain is unchained by light touches in specific points in the skin of the face or for movements of the facial muscles, it can be caused by traumatic sequels or physiologic processes degenerative associate the vascular compression. Prevails in the senior population, frequently in the woman. In a unilateral way it attacks more the maxillary and mandibular divisions, rarely happens in a simultaneous way in the three branches of trigeminal nerve three branches.30115Adams, R.D., Victor, M., (1985) Principles of Neurology, , New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book CompanyBayer, D.B., Stenger, T.G., Trigeminal Neuralgia: An overview (1979) Oral Surgery, 48 (5), pp. 393-399. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(79)90064-1Bennetto, L., Patel, N.K., Fuller, G., (2007) Trigeminal Neuralgia and Its Management, 334, pp. 201-205. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39085.614792.BE, BMJ, PMid:17255614 PMCid:1782012Brow, J.A., Percutaneous balloon compression for trigeminal Neuralgia (2009) Clinical Neurosurgery, 56, pp. 73-76. , PMid:20214036Eskandar, E., Barker, F.G., Rabinov, J.D., Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case21-2006. A61-year-old man with left-sided facial pain (2006) New England Journal of Medicine, 355, pp. 183-188. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcpc069011, PMid:16837683Fardy, M.J., Patton, D.W., Complication associated with peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia (1994) British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 32 (6), pp. 387-391. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-4356(94)90031-0Frizzo, H.M., Hasse, P.N., Veronese, R.M., Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Revisão Bibliográfica Analítica (2004) Revista De Cirurgia E Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Facial, 4 (4), pp. 212-217Galassi, C., Blasi, G., Galassi, G., Serra, M., Faverio, A., Nevralgie trigeminali ed altre algie del capo (1985) Parodontologia E Stomatologia (nuova), 2, pp. 45-160Goto, F., Ishizaki, K., Yoshikawa, D., Obata, H., Arii, H., Terada, M., The long lasting effects of peripheral nerve blocks for trigeminal neuralgia using a high concentration of tetracaine dissolved in bupivacaine (1999) Pain, 79, pp. 101-103. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00156-0Gusmão, S., Magaldi, M., Arantes, A., Rizotomia trigeminal por radiofrequência para tratamento da neuralgia do trigêmeo: Resultados e modificação técnica (2003) Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 61 (2), pp. 434-440. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000300020, PMid:12894280Hotta, T.H., Bataglion, A., Bataglion, C., Bezzon, O.L., Involvemente of dental occlusion and trigeminal neuralgia: A clinical report (1997) Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 77 (4), pp. 343-345. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(97)70155-0Jacob, R.P., Rhoton, J.A.L., Diagnosis and Nonoperative Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia (1996) In: YOUMANS, JR. Neurological Surgery, 5, pp. 3376-3385. , 4th Ed. W. B. Saunders CompanyJanneta, P.G., Gross (Mesoscopic) description of the human trigeminal nerve and ganglion (1963) Journal of Neurosurgery, 20, pp. 109-111Katusic, S., Beard, M.B., Bergstralh, E., Kurland, L.T., Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota:1945-1984 (1990) Annals of Neurology, 27, pp. 89-95. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410270114, PMid:2301931Krafft, R.M., Trigeminal neuralgia (2008) American Family Physician, 77, pp. 1291-1296. , PMid:18540495Linskey, M.E., Jho, H.D., Jannetta, P.J., Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia caused by vertebrobasilar compression (1994) Journal of Neurosurgery, 81, pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.1.0001, PMid:8207508Loh, H.S., Ling, S.Y., Shanmuhasuntharam, P., Zain, R., Yeo, J.F., Khoo, S.P., Trigeminal neuralgia. A retrospective survey of a sample of patients in Singapore and Malaysia (1998) Australian Dental Journal, 43 (3), pp. 188-191. , PMid:9707784Luna, E.B., Graça, L.F.A., Silva, D.C.O., Bérzin, F., Silva, Z., Souza, G.C., Mitri, F.F., Aspectos Anatômicos e Patológicos da Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Uma revisão da literatura para estudantes e profissionais da saúde (2010) Bioscience Journal, 26 (4), pp. 661-674Maestri, J.M., Holzer, F., Fisiopatología de la neuralgia del trigémeno (1993) Revista Chilena De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 31 (3), pp. 317-321Mattos, J.M.B., Bueno, F.V., Mattos, L.R., Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Um novo protocolo de tratamento clínico (2005) Revista Dor, 6 (4), pp. 652-656Meneses, M.S., Clemente, R., Russ, H.H., Traitement microchirurgical de la névralgie du trijumeau (1995) Neurochirurgie, 41 (5), pp. 349-352. , PMid:8577355Monzillo, P.H., Sanvito, W.L., Costa, A.R., Cluster-Tic, S., Syndrome: Report of five new cases (2000) Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 58, pp. 518-521. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2000000300019, PMid:10920416Neville, B.W., Damm, D.D., Allen, C.M., Bouquot, J.E., (2004) Patologia Oral E Maxilofacial.2.ed, pp. 865-867. , Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara KooganNurmikko, T.J., Eldridge, P.R., (2001) Trigeminal Neuralgia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Treatment. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 87, pp. 117-132. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/87.1.117Patterson, C.W., Trigeminal neuralgia-a dental diagnosis challenge (1999) Northwest Dentistry, 78 (3), pp. 19-24Peters, G., Nurmikko, T.J., Peripheral and gasserian ganglion-level precedures for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (2002) Clinical Journal of Pain, 18 (1), pp. 28-34. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200201000-00005, PMid:11803300Quesada, G.A.T., Baptista, C.E., Daiana, S.P., Douglas, L.F., Neuralgia Trigeminal-do diagnóstico ao tratamento (2005) Revista Dentística, (11)Siqueira, S.R.D.T., Nóbrega, J.C.M., Valle, L.B.S., Teixeira, M.J., Siqueira, J.T.T., Clinical aspects and dental procedures (2004) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 98 (3), pp. 311-315Toda, K., Trigeminal neuralgia: Symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and related disorders (2007) Oral Science International, 4 (1), pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1348-8643(07)80006-1Tronnier, V.M., Rasche, D., Hamer, J., Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression (2001) Neurosurgery, 48, pp. 1261-1268. , PMid:11383728Türp, J.C., Gobetti, J.P., Trigeminal neuralgia versus atypical facial pain: A review of the literature and case report (1996) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 81 (4), pp. 424-432Yoon, K.B., Wiles, J.R., Miles, J.B., Nurmikko, T.J., Long-term outcome of percutaneous thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia (1999) Anaesthesia, 54 (80), pp. 798-808Yoshimasu, F., Kurland, L.T., Elvelvack, L.R., Tic dolourex in Rochester, Minnesota (1972) Neurology, 22, pp. 952-956. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.22.9.952, 1945-1969. PMid:467338

Incidence Of The Ossified Pterygoalar Ligament In Brazilian Human Skulls And Its Clinical Implications

The ossified pterygoalar ligament is formed between the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process and the infratemporal surface of the sphenoid bone or its greater wing and was not connected to the sphenoid spine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament in Brazilian human skulls and analyzing its clinical importance. 183 Brazilian adult (between 30 to 60 years old) dry human skulls were evaluated. Was evaluated the incidence of skulls with complete or partial ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, bilaterally and unilaterally and in the presence on the right and left sides. Were found 5 skulls had the ossified pterygoalar ligament, resulting in an overall incidence of 2.73%. There was 1 skull in the presence of the incomplete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterally and on the left side resulting in incidence of 0.54%. There were 4 skulls in the presence of the complete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterally and on the right side resulting in incidence of 2.18%. The ossified pterygoalar ligament is a major cause of the entrapment of the lingual nerve or a branch of the mandibular nerve and may cause mandibular neuralgia. The incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament and the pterygoalar foramen is low in the Brazilian population. However, these structures have clinical significance as this ligament establish relationships with the ovale foramen and difficulty in accessing in this foramen in a therapeutic approach.2816971Antonopoulou, M., Piagou, M., Anagnostopoulou, S., An anatomical study of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar bars and foramina - their clinical relevance (2008) Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 36 (2), pp. 104-108Das, S., Paul, S., Ossified pterygospinous ligament and its clinical implications (2007) Bratislavské Lekárske Listy, 108 (3), pp. 141-143Erdogmus, S., Pinar, Y., Celik, S., A cause of entrapment of the lingual nerve: Ossified pterygospinous ligament - A case report (2009) Neuroanatomy, 8, pp. 43-45Kapur, E., Dilberović, F., Redzepagić, S., Berhamović, E., Variation in the lateral plate of the pterygoid process and the lateral subzygomatic approach to the mandibular nerve (2000) Medicinski Arhiv, 54 (3), pp. 133-137Krmpotic-Nemanic, J., Vinter, I., Hat, J., Jalsovec, D., Mandibular neuralgia due to anatomical variations (1999) European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 256 (4), pp. 205-208. , DOI 10.1007/s004050050141Ludinghausen, M., Kageyama, I., Miura, M., Alkhatib, M., Morphological peculiarities of the deep infratemporal fossa in advanced age (2006) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 28, pp. 284e-292eNayak, S.R., Saralaya, V., Prabhu, L.V., Pai, M.M., Vadgaonkar, R., D'Costa, S., Pterygospinous bar and foramina in Indian skulls: Incidence and phylogenetic significance (2007) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 29 (1), pp. 5-7. , DOI 10.1007/s00276-006-0154-4Patnaik, W.G., Rajan Singla, K., Bala, S., Bilateral pterygo-alar bar and porus crotaphitico-buccinatorius e a case report (2001) Journal of the Anatomical Society of India, 50, pp. 161-162Peker, T., Karakose, M., Anil, A., Turgut, H.B., Gulekon, N., The Incidence of Basal Sphenoid Bony Bridges in Dried Crania and Cadavers: Their Anthropological and Clinical Relevance (2002) European Journal of Morphology, 40 (3), pp. 171-180. , DOI 10.1076/ejom.40.3.171.16686Peuker, E.T., Fischer, G., Filler, T.J., Entrapment of the lingual nerve due to an ossified pterygospinous ligament (2001) Clinical Anatomy, 14 (4), pp. 282-284. , DOI 10.1002/ca.1048Piagkou, M.N., Demesticha, T., Piagkos, G., Androutsos, G., Skandalakis, P., Mandibular nerve entrapment in the infratemporal fossa (2010) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 10Shaw, J.P., Pterydospinous and pterygoalar foramina: A role in the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia? (1993) Clinical Anatomy, 6, pp. 173e-178eSkrzat, J., Walocha, J., Srodek, R., An anatomical study of the pterygoalar bar and the pterygoalar foramen (2005) Folia Morphologica, 64 (2), pp. 92-96Suazo Galdames, I., Zavando Matamala, D., Smith, R.L., Anatomical study of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar bony bridges and foramens in dried crania and its clinical relevance (2010) International Journal of Morphology, 28 (2), pp. 405-408Williams, P.L., Bannister, L.H., Berry, M.M., Collin, P., Dyson, M., Dussek, J.E., Ferguson, M.W.J., (2000) Gray's Anatomy, pp. 588-801. , 38th ed. New York: Churchill Livingston

Frequência De Anticorpos Anti-toxoplasma Gondii Em Cães Com Sinais Clínicos Compatíveis Com Toxoplasmose

The aim of this study was to detect antibodies against T. gondii in dogs with clinical signs compatible with toxoplasmosis attended in a veterinary hospital. A serological survey was performed in 598 dogs from 1993 to 2013. The IgG antibodies survey against T. gondii was carried out by means of Indirect Fluorescence Antibodies Test (IFAT); samples with titers >16 were considered positive. Among the dogs with clinical signs, 259 (43,31%) were positive for T. gondii with titers varying between 16 to 4096; among the healthy animals, 79 (22.25%) were reagents. The most frequent signals were: neurological (30.43%) and uveitis (8.03%). Among variables race, gender, and age, only the last one affected the observed results with greater frequency f seropositive in elderly dogs. © 2016, Cienc. anim. bras., Goiânia. All rights reserved.17464064

Emissary Foramens Of The Human Skull: Anatomical Characteristics And Its Relations With Clinical Neurosurgery [forámenes Emisarios Del Cráneo Humano: Características Anatómicas Y Sus Relaciones Con La Neurocirugía Clínica]

The recognition of emissary foramens is important not only for understanding the regional neurovascular anatomy, but also to distinguish normal from potentially abnormal structures. Thus, the aim of this study was to review the literature on anatomical and clinical aspects of the mastoid, parietal and sphenoid emissary foramens. It was found that the emissary foramen presents importance in clinical practice because it acts as a route of spread of extracranial infection to the intracranial structures and also possible complications in neurosurgery, due to its influence in the performance of techniques such as radiofrequency rhizotomy for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The anatomical knowledge of the emissary foramens is important due to variability in their incidence in the human skull and its relation to the dura mater sinuses.311287292Bergman, R.A., Afifi, A.K., Miyauchi, R., (1995) Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal systems: CraniumBoyd, G.I., Emissary foramina of cranium in man and the anthropoids (1930) J. Anat., 65, pp. 108-121Casella, A.M.B., Monteiro, M.L.R., Rgensteiner, D.B.W., Caldeira, J.B.F., Regeneração aberrante do nervo do oculomotor após tromboflebite do seio cavernoso (1998) Arq. Bras. Oftalmol., 51, pp. 135-137Currarino, G., Normal variants and congenital anomalies in the region of the obelion (1976) Am. J. Roentgenol., 127 (3), pp. 487-494El Kettani, C., Badaoui, R., Fikri, M., Jeanjean, P., Montpellier, D., Tchaoussov, J., Pulmonary edema after venous air embolism during craniotomy (2002) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 19, pp. 846-848Falk, D., Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids: Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina (1986) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 70, pp. 311-324Goucha, S., Mnif, M., Bouhala, T., Tenzakhti, F., El Andaloussi, H., Fazaa, B., Hamza, R., Kamoun, M.R., Value of imaging in GAPO syndrome (2002) J. Radiol., 83, pp. 153-156Gözil, R., Kadioglu, D., Calguner, E., Occipital emissary foramen in skulls from Central Anatolia (1995) Act. Anat., 153, pp. 325-326Gray, H., Bannister, L.H., Berry, M., William, P.L., Osteology (1995) Gray's Anatomy., , In. Gray, H.Bannister, L.H.Berry, M. & William, P.L. 38th ed. London: Churchill LivingstoneGupta, N., Ray, B., Ghosh, S., Anatomic characteristics of foramen Vesalius (2005) Kath. Univ. Med. J., 3 (2), pp. 155-158Gusmão, S., Magaldi, M., Arantes, A., Rizotomia trigeminal por radiofrequência para tratamento da neuralgia do trigêmio (2003) Arq. Neuropsiq., 61 (2), pp. 434-440Kaalin, R.J., Robinson, W.A., Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (1984) Ann. Emerg. Med., 13, pp. 449-455Kaplan, M., Erol, F.S., Ozveren, M.F., Topsakal, C., Sam, B., Tekdemir, I., Review of complications due to foramen ovale puncture (2007) J. Clin. Neurosci., 14 (6), pp. 563-568Keats, T.E., (1992) Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease., , 5th edition. St. Louis, Mosby Year BookKeskil, S., Gözil, R., Calgüner, E., Common surgical pitfalls in the skull (2003) Surg. Neurol., 59 (3), pp. 228-231Kocaogullar, Y., Avci, E., Fossett, D., Caputy, A., The extradural subtemporal keyhole approach to the sphenocavernous region: Anatomic considerations (2003) Minim. Invas. Neurosurg., 46 (2), pp. 100-105Lang, J., (1983) Clinical anatomy of the head, neurocranium, orbit and craniocervical region., , Springer, BerlinLouis Jr., R.G., Loukas, M., Wartmann, C.T., Tubbs, R.S., Apaydin, N., Gupta, A.A., Spentzouris, G., Ysique, J.R., Clinical anatomy of the mastoid and occipital emissary veins in a large series (2009) Surg. Radiol. Anat., pp. 31139-31144Mann, R.W., Enlarged parietal foramina and craniosynostosis in an American Indian child (1990) Am. J. Roentgenol., 154 (3), p. 658O'Rahilly, R., Twohig, M.J., Foramina parietalia permagna (1952) Am. J. Roentgenol., 67 (4), pp. 551-561Ramalho, J.C., Sousa-Rodrigues, C.F., Rodas, P.M.M., Lins, C.J.P., Lima, R.L., Neto, E.T.D.L., Neto, J.A.B.S., A incidência e as relações morfométricas do forame emissário do esfenóide em crânios humanos (2007) Int. J. Morphol. (abstract)., 25 (1), p. 145Reis, C., Deshmukh, V., Zabramski, J.M., Crusius, M., Desmuskh, P., Spetzler, R.E., Preul, M.C., Anatomy of the mastoid emissary vein and venous system of the posterior neck region: Neurosurgical implications (2007) Neurosurg., 61, pp. ONS193-ONS201Reymond, J., Charuta, A., Wysocki, J., The morphology and morphometry of the foramina of the greater wing of the human sphenoid bone (2005) Folia Morphol., 64 (3), pp. 188-193Rossi, A.C., Freire, A.R., Prado, F.B., Caria, P.H.F., Botacin, P.R., Morphological characteristics of foramen of Vesalius and its relationship with clinical implications (2010) J. Morphol. Sci., 27 (1), pp. 26-29Shapiro, R., Robinson, F., The foramina of the middle fossa: A phylogenetic, anatomic and pathologic study (1967) Am. J. Roentgenol., 101, pp. 779-794Shinohara, A.L., Melo, C.G.S., Silveira, E.M.V., Lauris, J.R.P., Andreo, J.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Incidence, morphology and morphometry of the foramen of Vesalius: Complementary study for a safer planning and execution of the trigeminal rhizotomy technique (2010) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 32, pp. 159-164Sicher, H., DuBrul, E.L., (1977) Oral Anatomy., , 6th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara KooganSimon, R.P., Parameningeal infections (1996) Cecil textbook of medicine., , In: Bennett, J.C. &ampPlum, F. 20th. Philadelphia: SaundersSindou, M., Keravel, Y., Abdennebi, B., Szapiro, J., Traitement neurochirurgical de la névralgie trigéminale: Abord direct ou métode percutané? (1987) Neurochirur., 33, pp. 89-111Standring, S., (2005) Gray's anatomy., , 39th edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, EdinburghSweet, W.H., Trigeminal neuralgias (1968) Facial pain., , In: Alling, C.C. Philadelphia: Lea & FebigerTator, C.H., Rowed, D.W., Fluoroscopy of foramen ovale as an aid to thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion (1976) J. Neurosurg., 44, pp. 254-257Topinard, P., (1878) Anthropology., , London, Chapman and HallWysocki, J., Reymond, J., Skarzynski, H., Wróbel, B., The size of selected human skull foramina in relation to skull capacity (2006) Folia Morphol., 66 (4), pp. 301-308Yoshioka, N., Rhoton, A.L., Abe, H., Scalp to meningeal arterial anastomosis in the parietal foramen (2006) Neurosurg., 58 (1), pp. 123-12

On the Nature of the Phase Transition in SU(N), Sp(2) and E(7) Yang-Mills theory

We study the nature of the confinement phase transition in d=3+1 dimensions in various non-abelian gauge theories with the approach put forward in [1]. We compute an order-parameter potential associated with the Polyakov loop from the knowledge of full 2-point correlation functions. For SU(N) with N=3,...,12 and Sp(2) we find a first-order phase transition in agreement with general expectations. Moreover our study suggests that the phase transition in E(7) Yang-Mills theory also is of first order. We find that it is weaker than for SU(N). We show that this can be understood in terms of the eigenvalue distribution of the order parameter potential close to the phase transition.Comment: 15 page