Los servicios para adultos en las bibliotecas públicas de Costa Rica, Panamá y Nicaragua

The paper presents the role of the National Libraries, the schools of Library and Information Science and the professional associations in the development and improvement in the services of public libraries in Costa Rica, Panama and Nicaragua

Counseling Update: A Flexible Monitoring Method for the Client and Practitioner

Recent years have seen a number of articles questioning both the utility and practicality of single-case designs. The authors propose a flexible monitoring method for practice evaluation. The proposed method is presented as a dynamic model, one that utilizes the existing evaluative procedures of the practitioner. This flexible method is proposed within the general outlines of developmental research. It is proposed as a method designed to lead practitioners toward an empirical model of practice. Some case examples are provided to substantiate the utility and value of the model.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68429/2/10.1177_104973159300300203.pd

Palatal development of preterm and low birthweight infants compared to term infants – What do we know? Part 1: The palate of the term newborn

BACKGROUND: The evidence on prematurity as 'a priori' a risk for palatal disturbances that increase the need for orthodontic or orthognathic treatment is still weak. Further well-designed clinical studies are needed. The objective of this review is to provide a fundamental analysis of methodologies, confounding factors, and outcomes of studies on palatal development. One focus of this review is the analysis of studies on the palate of the term newborn, since knowing what is 'normal' is a precondition of being able to assess abnormalities. METHODS: A search profile based on Cochrane search strategies applied to 10 medical databases was used to identify existing studies. Articles, mainly those published before 1960, were identified from hand searches in textbooks, encyclopedias, reference lists and bibliographies. Sources in English, German, and French of more than a century were included. Data for term infants were recalculated if particular information about weight, length, or maturity was given. The extracted values, especially those from non-English paper sources, were provided unfiltered for comparison. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 182 articles, of which 155 articles remained for final analysis. Morphology of the term newborn's palate was of great interest in the first half of the last century. Two general methodologies were used to assess palatal morphology: visual and metrical descriptions. Most of the studies on term infants suffer from lack of reliability tests. The groove system was recognized as the distinctive feature of the infant palate. The shape of the palate of the term infant may vary considerably, both visually and metrically. Gender, race, mode of delivery, and nasal deformities were identified as causes contributing to altered palatal morphology. Until today, anatomical features of the newborn's palate are subject to a non-uniform nomenclature. CONCLUSION: Today's knowledge of a newborn's 'normal' palatal morphology is based on non-standardized and limited methodologies for measuring a three-dimensional shape. This shortcoming increases bias and is the reason for contradictory research results, especially if pathologic conditions like syndromes or prematurity are involved. Adequate measurement techniques are needed and the 'normal palatal morphology' should be defined prior to new clinical studies on palatal development

The fulfillment of marital ideals: A study of marital satisfaction and personal well-being.

A review of the literature and clinical experience suggested that as marital ideals were increasingly fulfilled, spouses would tend to report increases in personal and marital well-being. This idea was tested using a sample of 282 European-American and African-American couples. Subjects were given a questionnaire asking them to rate their spouses as they perceived them to be and as they would like them ideally to be on measures of agreeability, abrasiveness, and ambitiousness in the first and third years of their marriages. They were also given measures of personal well-being (depression, anxiety) and marital well-being (control, competence, happiness, positive sex, and constructive and destructive conflict). Simple multiple regression analyses were performed to determine whether changes in spouses' fulfillment of ideals predicted changes in subjects' well-being over time. The impact of race, income change, presence or absence of children, and premarital cohabitation were included as moderating variables in these analyses. For wives, the results indicate that changes in fulfillment of spousal ideals predicted changes in positive sex and marital happiness. For husbands, changes in fulfillment of ideals predicted changes in anxiety level, positive sex, and marital happiness. Observations are made about limitations of self report methodology, operationalization of dependent and independent variables, and generalizability to individuals with previous marriages, those of different ages, ethnicities, and cultural heritage. The implications of findings for marital assessment and treatment are also addressed.Ph.D.Social Work and PsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/104774/1/9610121.pdfDescription of 9610121.pdf : Restricted to UM users only

A catenary analysis of the maxillary dental arch during human embryogenesis This investigation was supported by research grant HD 00178 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, grant 7 from the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, The University of Michigan, and by a dental student research fellowship from the National Institute of Dental Research (USPHS 1 SD1-FR 05321).

Human embryos aged six and one-half through 1 weeks were studied to determine the morphological changes in shape of the maxillary dental arch during this early developmental period. Age was determined by crown-rump lengths using the table of Patten ('53). When compared to a reference catenary curve, the embryonic dental arch exhibited several time-linked and directional changes in shape. First, 6.5 to 8 week embryos characteristically had upper dental arches which were wide and anteroposteriorly flattened and did not conform to the catenary curve. At 7.5 to 9 weeks, the C-shaped dental arch showed more elongation and increasing depth. It was not until weeks 9.5 to 12 that the embryonic dental arch grew enough to conform to the catenary curve. It is suggested that the catenary curvature of the postnatal upper dental arch can be first recognized as early as 9.5 weeks of development.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49806/1/1091540103_ftp.pd