"Flushed breast," a form of mastitis occurring very early in the puerperium : an enquiry into its etiology, bacteriology, pathology, symptoms and physical signs - diagnosis, prognosis and treatment : as illustrated by the study of 50 cases in the wards of the Queen Charlotte Lying-In Hospital, London

The condition which I am about to describe and discuss was in • many of its aspects quite unfamiliar to me until I became resident in Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital, during the months of January, February, March, and a part of April 1903. My atten¬ tion was first drawn to its clinical interest and pathological importance by Dr. W.S.A.Griffth, Senior Physician to the Hospital. He pointed out to me that the affection was constantly observed at Queen Charlotte's Hospital during the first 14 days of the Puerperium, and that while its causation was in some instances quite obscure, its relation to certain other factors such as "Sore Nipples", was on the other hand quite definite. He further indicated that future investigation would probably show that all cases of so-called "Flushed Breast" were due to uterine sapraemia or some other uterine factor.During the month of January, 1903, it so happened that we had an unusual number of such cases, and as I had not heard or read of the condition previously either at the Maternity Hospital in Edinburgh or the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, during my student days, my interest in the affection became quite intense and I determined to do everything in my power to investigate this curiously transient condition which seemed to fascinate everyone at Queen Charlotte's, and yet which no one had ever attempted to investigate carefully or describe clinically. Accordingly, I made a point of taking special notes of my own in each case from the beginning of January, 1903, and these are to he found carefully recorded in my Note Book; in addition, the Hospital Records for 1900, 1901, 1902, furnished me with a number of similar cases for comparison

Doctoral Studies of Students in Educational Administration Programs in UCEA Member Institutions

This research shows that the Ph.D and Ed.D degree programs in educational administration are virtually identical pursuits in UCEA member institutions

An Investigation of Surface Albedo Variations During the Recent Sahel Drought

Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) 3 green sensor data are used to measure surface reflectance variations in the Sahara/Sahel during the recent drought period 1967–74. The magnitude of the seasonal reflectance change is shown to be as much as 80% for years of normal precipitation and less than 50% for drought years. Year-to-year comparisons during both wet and dry seasons reveal the existence of a surface reflectance cycle coincident with the drought intensity. The relationship between the green reflectance and solar albedo is examined and estimated to be about 0.6 times the reflectance change observed by the green channel

A Model for Calculating Desert Aerosol Turbidity Over the Oceans from Geostationary Satellite Data

A technique has been developed to infer the optical thickness of Saharan dust from Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) brightness measurements at visible wavelengths. The scattering model consists of an air layer, a dust layer and a lower boundary of variable albedo. Single-scatter properties of the dust computed from Mie theory were the basis for calculations by plane-parallel theory of radiative transfer in the dust layer. Radiative interactions between air and dust layers and the lower boundary were calculated with an adding version of the doubling scheme. Optical thickness was determined from satellite brightness measurements through a lookup table produced by the adding program. SMS visible sensors were calibrated from the prelaunch calibration measurements and measurements of sun and space. Error analysis and tests indicate a potential accuracy of ∼0.1 unit of optical thickness. The main limits on accuracy are digitizing resolution of the SMS visible signals, and mistaking clouds for dust in the satellite imagery. This technique of inferring Saharan dust turbidity has been verified and fine-tuned using surface turbidity measurements during GATE and corresponding SMS imagery

Fatigue in early rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network

ObjectivesFatigue is a disabling symptom in people with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). This study aims to describe the prevalence, risk factors and the longitudinal course of fatigue in early RA.MethodsDemographic, clinical, quality of life (QoL), comorbidities and laboratory data were from the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network (ERAN), a UK multicentre inception cohort of people with RA. Fatigue was measured using the Vitality subscale of SF36 where higher values represented better QoL. Baseline prevalences of fatigue classifications were age and sex standardised. Linear regression, linear mixed effect models and group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) were utilized. ResultsAt baseline (n=1236, 67% female, mean age 57), mean Vitality was 41(SD±11), disease duration 11 months (IQR:7-18). Age and sex standardized prevalence rates of fatigue and severe fatigue were 44% (CI: 39-50) and 19% (CI: 15-23) respectively.Fatigue changed little over 3 years and 5 measurement occasions, ß=-0.13 (-0.23 to -0.02). GBTM identified 2 sub-groups, which we named ‘Fatigue’ (53%) and ‘No-fatigue’ (47%) groups. Female sex, worse pain, mental health, and functional ability were associated with greater fatigue and predicted ‘Fatigue’ group membership (AUROC=0.81). Objective measures of inflammation - swollen joint count (SJC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were not significantly associated with fatigue. ConclusionsFatigue is prevalent and persistent in early RA. Diverse characteristics indicative of central mechanisms are associated with persistent fatigue. Management of fatigue might require interventions targeted at central mechanisms in addition to inflammatory disease modification. People who require such interventions might be identified at presentation with early RA

Intrinsic Subtype and Therapeutic Response Among HER2-Positive Breast Tumors from the NCCTG (Alliance) N9831 Trial

Background: Genomic data from human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive (HER2+) tumors were analyzed to assess the association between intrinsic subtype and clinical outcome in a large, well-annotated patient cohort

Taking Ecological Function Seriously: Soil Microbial Communities Can Obviate Allelopathic Effects of Released Metabolites

Allelopathy (negative, plant-plant chemical interactions) has been largely studied as an autecological process, often assuming simplistic associations between pairs of isolated species. The growth inhibition of a species in filter paper bioassay enriched with a single chemical is commonly interpreted as evidence of an allelopathic interaction, but for some of these putative examples of allelopathy, the results have not been verifiable in more natural settings with plants growing in soil.On the basis of filter paper bioassay, a recent study established allelopathic effects of m-tyrosine, a component of root exudates of Festuca rubra ssp. commutata. We re-examined the allelopathic effects of m-tyrosine to understand its dynamics in soil environment. Allelopathic potential of m-tyrosine with filter paper and soil (non-sterile or sterile) bioassays was studied using Lactuca sativa, Phalaris minor and Bambusa arundinacea as assay species. Experimental application of m-tyrosine to non-sterile and sterile soil revealed the impact of soil microbial communities in determining the soil concentration of m-tyrosine and growth responses.Here, we show that the allelopathic effects of m-tyrosine, which could be seen in sterilized soil with particular plant species were significantly diminished when non-sterile soil was used, which points to an important role for rhizosphere-specific and bulk soil microbial activity in determining the outcome of this allelopathic interaction. Our data show that the amounts of m-tyrosine required for root growth inhibition were higher than what would normally be found in F. rubra ssp. commutata rhizosphere. We hope that our study will motivate researchers to integrate the role of soil microbial communities in bioassays in allelopathic research so that its importance in plant-plant competitive interactions can be thoroughly evaluated