Rancher, A Low Hydrocyanic Acid Forage Sorghum

Rancher sorghum has the lowest hydrocyanic acid content of any named forage sorghum variety in production. It contains about one-third of the hydrocyanic acid content of the low-acid Dakota Amber 39-30-S released in 1937 and only about one-tenth of the hydrocyanic acid content of commercial varieties (Table I). It was developed by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station from a cross of the low hydrocyanic acid strain 39-30-S and a high acid strain 19-30-S and back crossed with the low acid strain 39-30-S. Both strains were selected from Dakota amber variety

Dual, an Early Grain and Forage Sorghum

Dual is a new grain and forage sorghum for South Dakota which grows taller than either Reliance or Norghum. It was developed to provide the stockman with a grain sorghum having a high yield of sweet, juicy forage for both fodder and silage. Tests conducted at several locations on widely different soil types and under varying climatic conditions show Dual is well adapted to the sorghum growing areas of the state. About 8,000 pounds of Dual seed were released by the South Dakota State College Agricultural Experiment Station to the County Crop Improvement Associations in the spring of 1958

Mandelbrot's 1/f fractional renewal models of 1963-67: The non-ergodic missing link between change points and long range dependence

The problem of 1/f noise has been with us for about a century. Because it is so often framed in Fourier spectral language, the most famous solutions have tended to be the stationary long range dependent (LRD) models such as Mandelbrot's fractional Gaussian noise. In view of the increasing importance to physics of non-ergodic fractional renewal models, I present preliminary results of my research into the history of Mandelbrot's very little known work in that area from 1963-67. I speculate about how the lack of awareness of this work in the physics and statistics communities may have affected the development of complexity science, and I discuss the differences between the Hurst effect, 1/f noise and LRD, concepts which are often treated as equivalent.Comment: 11 pages. Corrected and improved version of a manuscript submitted to ITISE 2016 meeting in Granada, Spai

Current density functional framework for spin–orbit coupling

Relativistic two-component density functional calculations are carried out in a non-collinear formalism to describe spin–orbit interactions, where the exchange–correlation functional is constructed as a generalization of the non-relativistic density functional approximation. Contrary to non-relativistic density functional theory (DFT), spin–orbit coupling, however, leads to a non-vanishing paramagnetic current density. Density functionals depending on the kinetic energy density, such as meta-generalized gradient approximations, should therefore be constructed in the framework of current DFT (CDFT). The latter has previously exclusively been used in the regime of strong magnetic fields. Herein, we present a consistent CDFT approach for relativistic DFT, including spin–orbit coupling. Furthermore, we assess the importance of the current density terms for ground-state energies, excitation energies, nuclear magnetic resonance shielding, and spin–spin coupling constants, as well as hyperfine coupling constants, $\Delta$g-shifts, and the nuclear quadrupole interaction tensor in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The most notable changes are found for EPR properties. The impact of the current-dependent terms rises with the number of unpaired electrons, and consequently, the EPR properties are more sensitive toward CDFT. Considerable changes are observed for the strongly constrained and appropriately normed functionals, as well as the B97M family and TASK. The current density terms are less important when exact exchange is incorporated. At the same time, the current-dependent kernel ensures the stability of response calculations in all cases. We, therefore, strongly recommend to use the framework of CDFT for self-consistent spin–orbit calculations

Calculations of current densities and aromatic pathways in cyclic porphyrin and isoporphyrin arrays

Magnetically induced current density susceptibilities have been studied for a number of cyclic ethyne and butadiyne-bridged porphyrin and isoporphyrin arrays. The current density susceptibilities have been calculated using the gauge-including magnetically induced current (GIMIC) method, which is interfaced to the TURBOMOLE quantum chemistry code. Aromatic properties and current pathways have been analyzed and discussed by numerical integration of the current density susceptibilities passing selected chemical bonds yielding current strength susceptibilities. Despite the interrupted p-framework, zinc(II) isoporphyrin sustains a ring current of ca. 10 nA T-1. Porphyrin and isoporphyrin dimers sustain a significant current strength at the linker, whereas the larger porphyrinoid arrays sustain mainly local ring currents. Isoporphyrin dimers with saturated meso carbons have strong net diatropic ring-current strengths of 20 nA T-1 fulfilling Huckels aromaticity rule. Porphyrin trimers and tetramers exhibit almost no current strength at the linker. The porphyrin moieties maintain their strong net diatropic ring current.Peer reviewe

φ-Aromaticity in prismatic {Bi6_6}-based clusters

The occurrence of aromaticity in organic molecules is widely accepted, but its occurrence in purely metallic systems is less widespread. Molecules comprising only metal atoms (M) are known to be able to exhibit aromatic behaviour, sustaining ring currents inside an external magnetic field along M–M connection axes (σ-aromaticity) or above and below the plane (π-aromaticity) for cyclic or cage-type compounds. However, all-metal compounds provide an extension of the electrons’ mobility also in other directions. Here, we show that regular {Bi$_6$} prisms exhibit a non-localizable molecular orbital of f-type symmetry and generate a strong ring current that leads to a behaviour referred to as φ-aromaticity. The experimentally observed heterometallic cluster [{CpRu}$_3$Bi$_6$]–, based on a regular prismatic {Bi$_6$} unit, displays aromatic behaviour; according to quantum chemical calculations, the corresponding hypothetical Bi$_6$$^{2−}$ prism shows a similar behaviour. By contrast, [{(cod)Ir}$_3$Bi$_6$] features a distorted Bi$_6$ moiety that inhibits φ-aromaticity

Reliance, An Early Grain Sorghum

Reliance, a new grain sorghum for South Dakota, stands longer after a killing frost and has a wider range in planting time than Norghum. It is also larger seeded and has a sturdier stalk. About 3,000 pounds of Reliance seed was released by the South Dakota Experiment Station to the County Crop Improvement Associations in the spring of 1953. Tests conducted at several locations on widely different soil types and under varying climatic conditions show Reliance is well adapted to the sorghum growing areas of the state

Low-Valent Group 14 Phosphinidenide Complexes [({SIDipp}P)2M] Exhibit P–M pπ–pπ Interaction (M=Ge, Sn, Pb)

Herein, the synthesis of new low-valent Group 14 phosphinidenide complexes [({SIDipp}P)2M] exhibiting P–M pp–pp interactions (SIDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolidin-2-ylidene, M=Ge, Sn, Pb), is presented. These compounds were investigated by means of structural, spectroscopic, and quantum-chemical methods. Furthermore, the monosubstituted compounds [(SIDippP)MX]₂ (M=Sn, X=Cl; M=Pb, X=Br) are presented, which show dimeric structures instead of multiple bonding interaction