The Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Inclusion, Beliefs About Teaching and Learning, and Subsequent Automatic Evaluations Amongst Student Teachers

Teachers' attitudes toward inclusion are frequently cited as being an important predictor of how successfully a given inclusive school system is implemented. At the same time, beliefs about the nature of teaching and learning are discussed as a possible predictor of attitudes toward inclusion. However, more recent research emphasizes the need of considering implicit processes, such as automatic evaluations, when describing attitudes and beliefs. Previous evidence on the association of attitudes toward inclusion and beliefs about teaching and learning is solely based on explicit reports. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between attitudes toward inclusion, beliefs about teaching and learning, and the subsequent automatic evaluations of pre-service teachers (N = 197). The results revealed differences between pre-service teachers' explicit attitudes/beliefs and their subsequent automatic evaluations. Differences in the relationship between attitudes toward inclusion and beliefs about teaching and learning occur when teachers focus either on explicit measures or automatic evaluations. These differences might be due to different facets of the same attitude object being represented. Relying solely on either explicit measures or automatic evaluations at the exclusion of the other might lead to erroneous assumptions about the relation of attitudes toward inclusion and beliefs about teaching and learning

in situ tracking of redox transitions and mode of catalysis

Water oxidation by amorphous oxides is of high interest in artificial photosynthesis and other routes towards non-fossil fuels, but the mode of catalysis in these materials is insufficiently understood. We tracked mechanistically relevant oxidation-state and structural changes of an amorphous Co-based catalyst film by in situ experiments combining directly synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with electrocatalysis. Unlike a classical solid-state material, the bulk material is found to undergo chemical changes. Two redox transitions at midpoint potentials of about 1.0 V (CoII0.4CoIII0.6 ↔ all-CoIII) and 1.2 V (all-CoIII ↔ CoIII0.8CoIV0.2) vs. NHE at pH 7 are coupled to structural changes. These redox transitions can be induced by variation of either electric potential or pH; they are broader than predicted by a simple Nernstian model, suggesting interacting bridged cobalt ions. Tracking reaction kinetics by UV-Vis-absorption and time-resolved mass spectroscopy reveals that accumulated oxidizing equivalents facilitate dioxygen formation. On these grounds, a new framework model of catalysis in an amorphous, hydrated and volume-active oxide is proposed: Within the oxide film, cobalt ions at the margins of Co-oxo fragments undergo CoII ↔ CoIII ↔ CoIV oxidation-state changes coupled to structural modification and deprotonation of Co-oxo bridges. By the encounter of two (or more) CoIV ions, an active site is formed at which the O–O bond-formation step can take place. The Tafel slope is determined by both the interaction between cobalt ions (width of the redox transition) and their encounter probability. Our results represent a first step toward the development of new concepts that address the solid-molecular Janus nature of the amorphous oxide. Insights and concepts described herein for the Co-based catalyst film may be of general relevance also for other amorphous oxides with water-oxidation activity

Local growth of CuInSe2 micro solar cells for concentrator application

A procedure to fabricate CuInSe2 (CISe) micro-absorbers and solar cells for concentrator applications is presented. The micro-absorbers are developed from indium precursor islands, which are deposited on a molybdenum coated glass substrate (back contact), followed by deposition of copper on top and subsequent selenization as well as selective etching of copper selenides. In order to compare the properties of the locally grown absorbers to those of conventional large area CISe films, we systematically examine the compositional and morphological homogeneity of the micro absorbers and carry out photoluminescence measurements. Preliminary devices for micro-concentrator solar cell applications are fabricated by optimizing the copper to indium ratio and the size of the indium precursor islands. The resulting micro solar cells provide a characteristic I–V curve under standard illumination conditions (1 sun)

Präparation und Anwendung von Surface-Science-Modell Katalysatoren unter realistischen Bedingungen

1\. Introduction 2\. Methods and Experimental Setup 3\. FeO - An Ultrathin Metal Oxide Film in Ambient Conditions 4\. CO Oxidation on MgO at Ambient Pressure 5\. Deposition of Pd on MgO/Ag(001) by Wet Impregnation 6\. Conclusions A. Two Dimensional Silica on Ru(0001) BibliographySurface science model catalysts are elementary representations of applied systems by which different parameters of a catalytic process can be investigated separately and at the molecular scale. Studies on such model systems constitute the basis for present studies which aim at bridging the materials and pressure gap towards applied catalysts systematically. In this framework, the present thesis contributes to this goal by applying two approaches towards more realistic catalyst models. The first part of this work documents research on ultrathin, metal supported oxide films in ambient conditions. FeO(111)/Pt(111) films were exposed to air and water and tested regarding CO oxidation at ambient pressure by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Pre - and post characterization was performed by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experimental and theoretical results suggest, that in the presence of oxygen and water, a bilayer (FeO)!trilayer (FeO(OH)) transition occurs. The resulting FeO(OH) trilayer is stable in ambient conditions and shows similar CO oxidation activity at ambient pressure as previously reported for FeO2. Ultrahin MgO(001) films grown on Ag(001) and Mo(001) were likewise tested for CO oxidation activity at 1 bar total pressure and characterized by XPS. Theoretical and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) studies had indicated that these systems might efficiently activate molecular oxygen. However, no catalytic activity for ultrathin MgO(001) films in ambient conditions was observed. The second part of this work presents an approach which takes into account the fact that most applied heterogeneous catalysts are prepared by wet chemical methods. Here, a Pd catalyst was prepared by liquid phase deposition (LPD) from a PdCl2 precursor solution onto a MgO(001)/Ag(001) model support. Dissolution experiments, where the samples were post - characterized by AES (Auger electron spectroscopy), showed that MgO/Ag(001) films are only long - term stable in alkaline solutions. The XPS data indicates a linear correlation between Pd loading and precursor concentration. XPS was also used to characterize the thermally induced precursor decomposition at relevant stages. The activated LPD catalysts showed similar CO adsorption properties and activity towards CO oxidation as corresponding catalysts prepared by PVD (physical vapor deposition) \- which is evidenced by TPD measurements.Surface Science Modellkatalysatoren sind stark vereinfachte Ausführungen angewandter Katalysatoren. Sie ermöglichen es, verschiedene Parameter eines katalytischen Prozesses getrennt voneinander und auf molekularer Ebene zu untersuchen. Bisherige Studien solcher Modellsysteme stellen die Grundlage dar für die heutige Forschung, die bestrebt ist, existierende Diskrepanzen der Druckbereiche (pressure gap) sowie der Material - und Strukturkomplexität (material gap) zwischen Modellen und angewandten Systemen systematisch zu verringern. Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit dokumentiert Untersuchungen von ultradünnen, metallgeträgerten Oxidfilmen unter Umgebungsbedingungen. FeO(111)/Pt(111) Filme wurden Luft und Wasser ausgesetzt und bezüglich ihrer katalytischen Aktivität hinsichtlich der Oxidation von CO unter Umgebungsdruck mittels Infrarot -Reflexions - Absorptionsspektroskopie (IRAS) getestet. Die Prä - und Postcharakterisierung wurde anhand von niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung (LEED), temperaturprogrammierter Desorption (TPD) und Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) durchgeführt. Experimentelle und theoretische Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff und Wasser ein Übergang vom zweilagigen FeO zu einem dreilagigen FeO(OH) Film stattfindet. Die FeO(OH) Dreilage ist stabil unter Umgebungsbedingungen und besitzt eine ähnliche katalytische Aktivität gegenüber der Oxidation von CO unter Umgebungsdruck wie FeO2. Ultradünne MgO Filme auf Ag(001) und Mo(001) wurden ebenfalls auf katalytische Aktivität bezüglich der CO Oxidation unter Umgebungsdruck untersucht und mittels XPS charakterisiert. Theoretische Studien und Experimente im UHV hatten darauf hingedeutet, dass diese Systeme in der Lage sind, molekularen Sauerstoff zu aktivieren. Es wurde jedoch keine katalytische Aktivität ultradünner MgO Filme unter Umgebungsbedingungen beobachtet. Der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation zeigt einen Ansatz auf, welcher der Tatsache Rechnung trägt, dass die Mehrheit der angewandten heterogenen Katalysatoren mit Hilfe nass - chemischer Methoden hergestellt wird. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Pd Katalysator durch Flüssigphasenabscheidung (LPD) aus einer PdCl2 Präkursorenlösung auf einem MgO/Ag(001) Modellsubstrat abgeschieden. Auflösungsexperimente, bei denen die Proben durch Auger Elektronenspektroskopie (AES) post - charakterisiert wurden, zeigten, dass dünne MgO/Ag(001) nur in alkalischen Lösungen über einen längeren Zeitraum stabil sind. Die XPS Daten weisen auf eine lineare Korrelation zwischen der Pd Konzentration in der Lösung und der Menge an abgeschiedenem Pd hin. Die schrittweise thermische Zersetzung der Pd - Präkursoren wurde mit XPS untersucht. TPD Messungen zeigten, dass der aktivierte Pd -LPD Katalysator sich durch ähnliche CODesorptionseigenschaften und Aktivität gegenüber der Oxidation von CO auszeichnete wie ein entsprechender Pd Katalysator, der mittels PVD (physikalische Gasphasenabscheidung) hergestellt wurde

Thrombolysis management in thrombectomy patients

Introduction In randomised clinical trials (RCTs), endovascular thrombectomy (ET) was combined with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in the vast majority of patients. We aimed to analyse how German stroke centres manage IVT in patients receiving ET in daily routine. Patients and Methods We performed an online survey among neurologists and neurointerventionalists that included all German University hospitals and a selection of German community hospitals known to perform ET. The survey consisted of 20 questions and was open for reply from 20 December 2016 to 9 January 2017. Findings Overall, there were 110 replies, 76% (84/110) from neurologists and 20% (22/110) from neurointerventionalists. The majority of participants (75/99, 76%) reported to continue IVT after start of ET. Nine participants (9%) reported to stop IVT as a standard of care before ET and another 15 (15%) reported to stop IVT on a case-by-case basis. Thrombolysis is given intra-arterially in individual cases in 39% (37/99) and as a standard of care in 3% (3/99). Intra-arterial Heparin is given additionally as a standard procedure in 25% (24/96) and in individual cases in 11% (11/96). IVT is omitted even without contraindications before ET in 5% (5/95) as standard procedure and in 14% (13/95) in individual cases. Discussion We observed a wide heterogeneity with respect to the management of IVT in the context of ET. Evidence from RCTs is not implemented in a large number of cases. Conclusion These findings emphasise a requirement for further education and implementation of standards for the management of intravenous thrombolysis in endovascular treated stroke patients. </jats:sec

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

Micro-concentrator solar cells offer an attractive way to further enhance the efficiency of planar-cell technologies while saving absorber material. Here, two laser-based bottom-up processes for the fabrication of regular arrays of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 microabsorber islands are presented, namely one approach based on nucleation and one based on laser-induced forward transfer. Additionally, a procedure for processing these microabsorbers to functioning micro solar cells connected in parallel is demonstrated. The resulting cells show up to 2.9% efficiency and a significant efficiency enhancement under concentrated illumination