Supernumerary teeth in premolar and molar area on CBCT: a pictorial review.

Objective: to build a descriptive classification of premolar and molar supernumerary teeth (ST) when preparing the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) report. The aim is also to share wide range of CBCT images in the open access publishing model. Material and methods: For our review we systematically searched for articles from PubMed with 1) free full texts on ST in molar and premolar area and using CBCT, and 2) articles providing with information on complications related with the presence of ST in molar and premolar area. We also added to our review studies providing with classic ST classifications in premolar and molar area. Results: We found 29 cases of ST, and we freely illustrated them with 84 figures. We separated our pictorial review in: 1) unilateral ST in the mandible, 2) unilateral ST in the maxilla, 3) unilateral undersized ST, 4) bilateral ST, 5) ST with additional features, and 6) cases with major hyperdontia. Conclusions: we build up the classification matrix for premolar and molar ST with 11 descriptors and 50 boxes. The descriptors were: 1) location if the ST crown in axial view, 2) vertical location of the cusp tip in relation with closest erupted tooth in coronal view, 3) shape, 4) distribution, 5) Position (in relation to normal tooth eruption) in sagittal view, 6) State of eruption of the ST in the sagittal view, 7) Follicle size measurement in sagittal view, 8) External root resorption of adjacent teeth by ST and its location in relation to the long axis of the involved tooth, 9) Internal resorption of ST, 10) Adjacent tooth complication, and 11) Damage to surrounding structures if ST removal. The open access figures from the literature illustrated 11 boxes. With our pictorial review we were able to illustrate 45 out of 50 boxes, and freely provide the readership with the most complete description of ST in premolar and molar area on CBCT than in previously published studies.Objective: to build a descriptive classification of premolar and molar supernumerary teeth (ST) when preparing the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) report. The aim is also to share wide range of CBCT images in the open access publishing model.  Material and methods: For our review we systematically searched for articles from PubMed with 1) free full texts on ST in molar and premolar area and using CBCT, and 2) articles providing with information on complications related with the presence of ST in molar and premolar area. We also added to our review studies providing with classic ST classifications in premolar and molar area.  Results: We found 29 cases of ST, and we freely illustrated them with 84 figures. We separated our pictorial review in: 1) unilateral ST in the mandible, 2) unilateral ST in the maxilla, 3) unilateral undersized ST, 4) bilateral ST, 5) ST with additional features, and 6) cases with major hyperdontia. Conclusions: we build up the classification matrix for premolar and molar ST with 11 descriptors and 50 boxes. The descriptors were: 1) location if the ST crown in axial view, 2) vertical location of the cusp tip in relation with closest erupted tooth in coronal view, 3) shape, 4) distribution, 5) Position (in relation to normal tooth eruption) in sagittal view, 6) State of eruption of the ST in the sagittal view, 7) Follicle size measurement in sagittal view, 8) External root resorption of adjacent teeth by ST and its location in relation to the long axis of the involved tooth, 9) Internal resorption of ST, 10) Adjacent tooth complication, and 11) Damage to surrounding structures if ST removal. The open access figures from the literature illustrated 11 boxes. With our pictorial review we were able to illustrate 45 out of 50 boxes, and freely provide the readership with the most complete description of ST in premolar and molar area on CBCT than in previously published studies

Fluoride in Bottled Waters Consumed in Northeastern Brazil

Objective: To assess the fluoride concentration of bottled waters from municipalities in northeastern Brazil. Material and Methods: Bottled mineral waters were purchased in two periods at different commercial places of four large municipalities (João Pessoa, Campina Grande, Patos, and Cajazeiras) in the Paraíba state. The municipalities selected to present the following annual average temperature: João Pessoa 26.5 °C, Campina Grande 23.3 °C, Patos and Cajazeiras 27.5 °C. Fluoride concentration was determined using a combined ion-specific electrode. Readings (in mV) were conducted in triplicates for each standard solution and converted into fluoride concentration (mg F/L) using the Excel® software. Results: A total of 72 samples from six brands of bottled water were analyzed. The fluoride concentrations of all samples were low (0.11-0.21mg/L) but higher than those reported on the label and varied among different batches of the same brand. Conclusion: The fluoride levels in bottled water vary among brands, and these actual values are not stated in the labels

Dental pain associated with untreated dental caries and sociodemographic factors in 5-year-old children

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental pain and to examine its association with untreated dental caries in 5-year-old children. This was a cross-sectional study of 261 5-year-old children in Northeast Brazil. Parents answered ques

Intoxicação experimental em ovinos com Ramaria flavo-brunnescens congelada ou dessecada Experimental poisoning in sheep with frozen or dried Ramaria flavo-brunnescens

Ramaria flavo-brunnescens é um cogumelo tóxico para bovinos e ovinos. Seu princípio ativo é desconhecido. Este experimento foi realizado para obter informações sobre a toxicidade do cogumelo após congelamento ou dessecação. R.. flavo-brunnescens foi coletada no outono de 1991. Uma parte foi congelada a -15°C por 2-4 meses e a outra foi secada à sombra, em temperatura ambiente. Outras amostras coletadas no mesmo período foram administradas imediatamente após a coleta a dois ovinos na dose total de 200 g/kg/dia durante 3 e 4 dias causando sinais clínicos acentuados de intoxicação. O cogumelo dessecado não causou sinais clínicos em ovinos nas doses totais de 60 e 75 g/kg de peso vivo (equivalente a 400 e 500 g/kg de cogumelo fresco). O cogumelo congelado, na dose total de 200 g/kg de peso vivo, causou hipertermia, depressão, hiperemia da esclera e hemorragias na câmera anterior do olho. Ovinos que ingeriram 350 e 400 g/kg de peso vivo, apresentaram também sinais nervosos e, com a dose mais elevada, lesões hiperêmicas no rodete coronário. Todos animais recuperaram-se em 3 a 12 dias. Os sinais clínicos nessa espécie com o cogumelo congelado, foram menos intensos que os sinais clínicos induzidos pelo cogumelo fresco. Estes resultados demonstram uma perda da toxicidade do cogumelo dessecado e uma diminuição da toxicidade quando congelado. Isto sugere que as pesquisas sobre o princípio ativo de Ramaria flavo-brunnescens podem ser realizadas com o cogumelo congelado ou liofilizado.<br>Ramaria flavo-brunnescens is a toxic mushroom affecting cattle and sheep. Its active principle is unknown. The experiment was done to obtain information about the toxicity of the mushroom after been frozen or dried. R. flavo-brunnescens was collected in autumn 1991. One part was frozen at -15°C for 2-4 months, and another was dried in the shade. Other samples collected at the same time were given immediately after harvest to two sheep, at a total dose of 200 g/kg for 3 and 4 days, causing severe poisoning. The dried mushroom did not cause clinical signs at doses of 60 and 75 g/kg bw (equivalent to 400 and 500 g/kg of the fresh mushroom). The frozen mushroom at 200 g/kg bw caused hyperthermia, depression, hyperemia of the sclera and hemorrhages of the anterior chamber of the eye. Sheep that ingested 350 and 400 g/kg bw showed also nervous signs, and with the highest dose hyperemic lesions of the coronary band. All sheep recovered within 3 to 12 days. Clinical signs when given the frozen mushroom were less severe than clinical signs induced by the fresh mushroom. These results showed loss of toxicity of the dried material and decrease of toxicity of the frozen mushroom. It is suggested that chemical analyses for the toxic principle can be performed with the frozen or lyophilized mushroom

КПКТ-візуалізація надкомплектних зубів в ділянці премолярів і молярів: ілюстративний огляд

Objective: to build a descriptive classification of premolar and molar supernumerary teeth (ST) when preparing the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) report. The aim is also to share wide range of CBCT images in the open access publishing model. Material and methods: For our review we systematically searched for articles from PubMed with 1) free full texts on ST in molar and premolar area and using CBCT, and 2) articles providing with information on complications related with the presence of ST in molar and premolar area. We also added to our review studies providing with classic ST classifications in premolar and molar area. Results: We found 29 cases of ST, and we freely illustrated them with 84 figures. We separated our pictorial review in: 1) unilateral ST in the mandible, 2) unilateral ST in the maxilla, 3) unilateral undersized ST, 4) bilateral ST, 5) ST with additional features, and 6) cases with major hyperdontia. Conclusions: we build up the classification matrix for premolar and molar ST with 11 descriptors and 50 boxes. The descriptors were: 1) location if the ST crown in axial view, 2) vertical location of the cusp tip in relation with closest erupted tooth in coronal view, 3) shape, 4) distribution, 5) Position (in relation to normal tooth eruption) in sagittal view, 6) State of eruption of the ST in the sagittal view, 7) Follicle size measurement in sagittal view, 8) External root resorption of adjacent teeth by ST and its location in relation to the long axis of the involved tooth, 9) Internal resorption of ST, 10) Adjacent tooth complication, and 11) Damage to surrounding structures if ST removal. The open access figures from the literature illustrated 11 boxes. With our pictorial review we were able to illustrate 45 out of 50 boxes, and freely provide the readership with the most complete description of ST in premolar and molar area on CBCT than in previously published studies.Мета: скласти описову класифікацію надкомплектних зубів (НКЗ) в ділянці премолярів та молярів для використання в описі конусно-променевих комп’ютерних томограм (КПКТ). Метою також є поширення значної кількості зображень КПКТ за моделлю відкритого доступу. Матеріали та методи: Для складання огляду ми провели пошук безкоштовних для перегляду повних статей на PubMed з інформацією про: 1)  КПКТ НКЗ у ділянці премолярів та молярів; 2) Ускладнення, пов’язані з наявністю НКЗ в ділянці молярів та премолярів. До огляду також були додані класифікації НКЗ в ділянці премолярів і молярів, представлені у інших дослідженнях. Результати: Нами було знайдено 29 клінічних випадків НКЗ, які ми проілюстрували 84-ма малюнками. Ми розділили наш ілюстративний огляд на: 1) Однобічні НКЗ на нижній щелепі; 2) Однобічні НКЗ на верхній щелепі; 3) Однобічні мікродонтичні НКЗ; 4) Двобічні НКЗ; 5) НКЗ з додатковими особливостями; 6) Випадки значної гіпердонтії. Висновки: Створено класифікаційну матрицю для НКЗ в ділянці премолярів і молярів з 11 дескрипторами та 50 блоками. Дескрипторами були: 1) розташування коронки НКЗ в аксіальній проєкції, 2) вертикальне розташування вершини горбка у відношенні до найближчого прорізаного зуба в корональній проєкції, 3) форма, 4) розподіл, 5) положення (у відношенні до положення нормально прорізаного зуба) в сагітальній проєкції, 6) Стан прорізування НКЗ в сагітальній проєкції, 7) Розмір фолікула в сагітальній проєкції, 8) Зовнішня резорбція коренів сусідніх зубів, спричинена НКЗ та його розташуванням у відношенні до довгої осі ураженого зуба, 9) внутрішня резорбція НКЗ, 10) ускладнення у сусідніх зубах, спричинені наявністю НКЗ, 11) ушкодження навколишніх анатомічних структур внаслідок видалення НКЗ. Малюнками з літератури, що знаходилася у відкритому доступі, було проілюстровано 11 блоків. У нашому ілюстративному огляді нам вдалося проілюструвати 45 з 50 блоків, і надати читачам вільний доступ до більш повного опису КПКТ НКЗ в ділянці премолярів та молярів, ніж у раніше опублікованих дослідженнях

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Ideation, Plans, and Impulses: The Mediating Role of Anxiety Sensitivity Cognitive Concerns Among Veterans

Background Although the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide has been firmly established, research on underlying mechanisms has been disproportionately low. The cognitive concerns subscale of anxiety sensitivity (AS), which reflects fears of cognitive dyscontrol, has been linked to both PTSD and suicide and thus may serve as an explanatory mechanism between these constructs. Methods The sample consisted of 60 male veterans presenting to an outpatient Veteran Affairs (VA) clinic for psychological services. Upon intake, veterans completed a diagnostic interview and brief battery of self-report questionnaires to assist with differential diagnosis and treatment planning. Results Results revealed a significant association between PTSD symptom severity and higher suicidality (i.e., ideation, plans, and impulses), even after accounting for relevant demographic and psychological constructs. Moreover, AS cognitive concerns mediated this association. Limitations Limitations include the small sample size and cross-sectional nature of the current study. Conclusions These findings add considerably to a growing body of literature examining underlying mechanisms that may help to explain the robust associations between PTSD and suicide. Considering the malleable nature of AS cognitive concerns, research is needed to determine the extent to which reductions in this cognitive risk factor are associated with reductions in suicide among at risk samples, such as those included in the present investigation

Doenças parasitárias em bovinos e ovinos no sul do Brasil: frequência e estimativa de perdas econômicas

RESUMO: Foi realizado um levantamento das doenças parasitárias de bovinos e ovinos diagnosticadas na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, de janeiro de 1978 a dezembro de 2014 no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Em bovinos 10,1% de todos os diagnosticos tratavam-se de parasitoses, das quais a mais frequente foi a tristeza parasitária bovina, com 55,1% dos surtos. As parasitoses gastrintestinais mistas foram diagnosticadas em 22,35% dos casos, a hemoncose em 4,36%, a dictiocaulose em 3,52%, a fasciolose em 2,68% e a eimeriose em 1,84%. Em ovinos 33,6% dos diagnósticos realizados eram parasitoses, sendo as mais frequentes as parasitoses gastrintestinais mistas (42,7%), a hemoncose (35,4%), a coenurose (9,1%) e a fasciolose (4,4%). Estima-se que as perdas somente por mortalidade, decorrentes de doenças parasitárias em bovinos somam aproximadamente R$16.968.000/ano. Na espécie ovina as perdas econômicas causadas por mortalidade de origem parasitária são de aproximadamente R$2.016.000/ano na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi possível concluir que, em bovinos, na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, os agentes da TPB são os principais causadores de perdas econômicas, seguidos pelas parasitoses mistas. Em ovinos a parasitose gastrintestinal mista e a hemoncose, juntas, representam mais de 70% dos diagnósticos realizados