The critique of the traditional theory of rationality

[From the introduction]:This essay is concerned with exploring and analysing some of the criticisms levelled against a conception of rationality which has been variously described as, "the contemplative account of knowledge"', and, "the idealist conception of knowledge", but which we shall call the traditional theory of rationality. The essay does not make any pretence at being a complete survey of the critical appraisals which this theory of rationality has received. It has confined itself to a selection of those theoretical contributions believed to be most useful in illustrating certain fundamental ideas embodied in the traditional theory

Evidence gathering on the current state of the Welsh newspaper industry - the local and regional press; organisational change, editorial independence and political reporting.

The purpose of this brief paper is to analysis recent changes to the editorial and business organisation of local and regional newspapers in the UK, with a particular focus on newspapers in Wales. The paper also reviews the implications of such changes for journalistic autonomy and the range and quality of newspapers’ political reporting

Evidence gathering on the current state of the Welsh newspaper industry - The future of newspapers; a comparative assessment

The purpose of this paper is to explore recent developments in the UK newspaper industry in the context of press developments in Europe, North America and globally. Innovations in media technologies, increasingly competitive and fragmenting markets for readers and advertising revenues, government media policy, the changing structures of news industries and changing audience requirements for news and the ways in which it is presented and delivered, are impacting on journalists’ employment, and changing radically the ways in which journalism organisations and media businesses function. One response to such changes has been to speculate about the ‘end of newspapers’. The assumption informing this paper, as well as the evidence it presents, suggest that such predictions are ahistorical, reflect a Eurocentric view of press developments and within the UK, ignore significant differences in newspapers’ fortunes deriving from their location in distinctive market sectors. The argument of this paper is that UK newspapers are adapting and accommodating to these developments by changing almost every aspect of their style, form and contents. The declining newspapers titles, circulation and advertising revenues which typify UK and European newspapers, have no counterpart in India, China, Latin America and parts of Africa where the newspaper business is booming

Influence of rubbing on rotor dynamics, part 1

The results of analytical and experimental research on rotor-to-stationary element rubbing in rotating machines are presented. A characterization of physical phenomena associated with rubbing, as well as a literature survey on the subject of rub is given. The experimental results were obtained from two rubbing rotor rigs: one, which dynamically simulates the space shuttle main engine high pressure fuel turbopump (HPFTP), and the second one, much simpler, a two-mode rotor rig, designed for more generic studies on rotor-to-stator rubbing. Two areas were studied: generic rotor-to-stator rub-related dynamic phenomena affecting rotating machine behavior and applications to the space shuttle HPFTP. An outline of application of dynamic stiffness methodology for identification of rotor/bearing system modal parameters is given. The mathematical model of rotor/bearing/seal system under rub condition is given. The computer program was developed to calculate rotor responses. Compared with experimental results the computed results prove an adequacy of the model

Influence of rubbing on rotor dynamics, part 2

Rotor dynamic behavior depends considerably on how much the specific physical phenomena accompanying rotor rubbing against the stator is involved. The experimental results of rotor-to-stator rubbing contact are analyzed. The computer code is described for obtaining numerical calculations of rotor-to-stator rubbing system dynamic responses. Computer generated results are provided. The reduced dynamic data from High Pressure Fuel Turbo Pump (HPFTP) hot fire test are given. The results provide some significant conclusions. Information is provided on the electronic instrumentation used in the experimental testing

The natural history of regional wall motion in the acutely infarcted canine ventricle

Two-dimensional echocardiography was employed to define the natural history of regional wall motion abnormalities in a canine model of acute experimental myocardial infarction. Serial short-axis two-dimensional echocardiograms were recorded in 11 closed chest dogs before coronary occlusion and 10, 30, 60, 180 and 360 minutes after permanent coronary ligation. Radiolabeled microsphere-derived blood flows were obtained in each study period and the histochemical (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) extent of infarction was determined at 6 hours. Previously published methods were used to quantitate field by field (every 16.7 ms) excursion of 36 evenly spaced endocardial targets. The circumferential extent of abnormal wall motion was followed sequentially using previously published definitions of abnormality: 1) systolic fractional radial change of less than 20%; 2) dyskinesia (systolic bulging) at the point in time (echocardiographic field) in which there is maximal dyskinesia; and 3) correlation with composite normal ray motion falling outside the 95 % confidence limits defined in the control period. On the basis of the triphenyltet razolium chloride staining pattern, the ventricle was divided into five zones: central infarct zone, zone with greater than 25% transmural infarction, total infarct zone, border zones and normal zone. Mean systolic fractional radial change was calculated for each zone and used as an index of the magnitude of abnormal wall motion.Regardless of the definition of abnormality employed, the circumferential extent of abnormal wall motion manifested at 10 minutes after occlusion did not significantly change, even up to 6 hours later. Similarly, 10 minutes after coronary occlusion the three infarct zones and border zones demonstrated significantly reduced systolic fractional radial change. This remained stable over the remainder of the 6 hour study period.It is concluded that once established at 10 minutes after coronary occlusion, the circumferential extent and magnitude of abnormal wall motion do not significantly change in the immediate postinfarct (6 hour) period

The quality and independence of British journalism

There is no shortage of comment about the state of British journalism. Critics point to the increasing role of public relations in shaping news output and financial constraints on the freedom of journalists to report accurately and independently. What is invariably lacking, however, is any serious empirical research on the subject. Our report aims to fill this gap. Our study is based on a number of parallel investigations. We looked at the number of journalists employed in the national press over the last two decades and the volume of work they are required to do. We studied the domestic news content at the ‘top end’ of British press and broadcast news in order to establish the extent to which journalists depend on public relations and other media (especially wire services), as well as the presence of information indicating robust journalistic practices. We carried out case studies to paint a picture of the role played by PR, other media and the wire services in shaping news content. We tested the ‘news value’ of PR inspired stories with a panel of experts, and we asked a number of journalists and PR professionals to tell us how their working environment has changed

Ancient chicken remains reveal the origins of virulence in Marek’s disease virus

The pronounced growth in livestock populations since the 1950s has altered the epidemiological and evolutionary trajectory of their associated pathogens. For example, Marek’s disease virus (MDV), which causes lymphoid tumors in chickens, has experienced a marked increase in virulence over the past century. Today, MDV infections kill >90% of unvaccinated birds, and controlling it costs more than US$1 billion annually. By sequencing MDV genomes derived from archeological chickens, we demonstrate that it has been circulating for at least 1000 years. We functionally tested the Meq oncogene, one of 49 viral genes positively selected in modern strains, demonstrating that ancient MDV was likely incapable of driving tumor formation. Our results demonstrate the power of ancient DNA approaches to trace the molecular basis of virulence in economically relevant pathogens

Ancient chicken remains reveal the origins of virulence in Marek’s 2 disease virus

The dramatic growth in livestock populations since the 1950s has altered the epidemiological and evolutionary trajectory of their associated pathogens. For example, Marek’s disease virus (MDV), which causes lymphoid tumors in chickens, has experienced a marked increase in virulence over the last century. Today, MDV infections kill >90% of unvaccinated birds and controlling it costs >US$1bn annually. By sequencing MDV genomes derived from archeological chickens, we demonstrate that it has been circulating for at least 1000 years. We functionally tested the Meq oncogene, one of 49 viral genes positively selected in modern strains, demonstrating that ancient MDV was likely incapable of driving tumor formation. Our results demonstrate the power of ancient DNA approaches to trace the molecular basis of virulence in economically relevant pathogens