474 research outputs found
Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (GISAXS) on Small Targets Using Large Beams
GISAXS is often used as a versatile tool for the contactless and
destruction-free investigation of nanostructured surfaces. However, due to the
shallow incidence angles, the footprint of the X-ray beam is significantly
elongated, limiting GISAXS to samples with typical target lengths of several
millimetres. For many potential applications, the production of large target
areas is impractical, and the targets are surrounded by structured areas.
Because the beam footprint is larger than the targets, the surrounding
structures contribute parasitic scattering, burying the target signal. In this
paper, GISAXS measurements of isolated as well as surrounded grating targets in
Si substrates with line lengths from down to
are presented. For the isolated grating targets, the changes in the scattering
patterns due to the reduced target length are explained. For the surrounded
grating targets, the scattering signal of a target grating structure is separated from the
scattering signal of nanostructured
surroundings by producing the target with a different orientation with respect
to the predominant direction of the surrounding structures. The described
technique allows to apply GISAXS, e.g. for characterization of metrology fields
in the semiconductor industry, where up to now it has been considered
impossible to use this method due to the large beam footprint
Correlated Diffuse X-ray Scattering from Periodically Nano-Structured Surfaces
Laterally periodic nanostructures were investigated with grazing incidence
small angle X-ray scattering. To support an improved reconstruction of
nanostructured surface geometries, we investigated the origin of the
contributions to the diffuse scattering pattern which is correlated to the
surface roughness. Resonant diffuse scattering leads to a palm-like structure
of intensity sheets. Dynamic scattering generates the so-called Yoneda band
caused by a resonant scatter enhancement at the critical angle of total
reflection and higher-order Yoneda bands originating from a subsequent
diffraction of the Yoneda enhanced scattering at the grating. Our explanations
are supported by modelling using a solver for the time-harmonic Maxwell's
equations based on the finite-element method
Reconstructing Detailed Line Profiles of Lamellar Gratings from GISAXS Patterns with a Maxwell Solver
Laterally periodic nanostructures were investigated with grazing incidence
small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) by using the diffraction patterns to
reconstruct the surface shape. To model visible light scattering, rigorous
calculations of the near and far field by numerically solving Maxwell's
equations with a finite-element method are well established. The application of
this technique to X-rays is still challenging, due to the discrepancy between
incident wavelength and finite-element size. This drawback vanishes for GISAXS
due to the small angles of incidence, the conical scattering geometry and the
periodicity of the surface structures, which allows a rigorous computation of
the diffraction efficiencies with sufficient numerical precision. To develop
dimensional metrology tools based on GISAXS, lamellar gratings with line widths
down to 55 nm were produced by state-of-the-art e-beam lithography and then
etched into silicon. The high surface sensitivity of GISAXS in conjunction with
a Maxwell solver allows a detailed reconstruction of the grating line shape
also for thick, non-homogeneous substrates. The reconstructed geometrical line
shape models are statistically validated by applying a Markov chain Monte Carlo
(MCMC) sampling technique which reveals that GISAXS is able to reconstruct
critical parameters like the widths of the lines with sub-nm uncertainty
Spin Filter Properties of Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons with Substitutional Fe Atoms
The spin filter capability of a (0,8) armchair graphene nanoribbon with Fe
atoms at substitutional sites is investigated by density functional theory in
combination with the non-equilibrium Greens function technique. For specific
arrangements, a high degree of spin polarization is achieved. These include a
single substitution at an edge position or double substitution in the central
sector of the transmission element. The possibility of switching between
majority and minority spin polarization by changing the double substitution
geometry is predicted. Including the bias dependence of the transmission
function proves to be essential for correct representation of the spin-resolved
current-voltage profiles
A Personalized Sensor Support Tool for the Training of Mindful Walking
The exploitation of sensor features offered by present smart mobile devices is a trend that becomes increasingly important in various domains. In healthcare, for example, these sensors are used to cheaply gather valuable data for chronic disease management or health care. Regarding the latter, health insurers crave for effective methods that can be offered to their customers. Moreover, smart mobile devices provide many advantages compared to approaches hitherto applied in the aforementioned contexts as they can be easily used in everyday life. Thereby, when taking these advantages properly into account, new mobile application types become possible. Body sensor networks are such an application type that aim at monitoring users in vivo. Furthermore, data gathered with body sensor networks may be a valuable basis to provide user interventions. This paper presents an application that shall support users to walk mindfully. The motivation was to create a mobile tool that can make mindful walking more effective to reduce stress and to target noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes or depression. It is a mobile personalized tool that senses the walking speed and provides haptic feedback thereof. The mindful walking procedure, the technical prototype as well as preliminary study results are presented and discussed in this work. The reported user feedback and the study results indicate promising perspectives for a tool that supports a mindful walking behavior. Altogether, the use of smart mobile device sensors constitutes a promising instrument for realizing mobile applications in the context of health care and disease management
Vacancy patterning and patterning vacancies: controlled self-assembly of fullerenes on metal surfaces
A density functional theory study accounting for van der Waals interactions reveals the potential of metal surface vacancies as anchor points for the construction of user-defined 2D patterns of adsorbate molecules via a controlled self-assembly process. Vice versa, energetic criteria indicate the formation of regular adsorbate-induced vacancies after adsorbate self-assembly on clean surfaces. These processes are exemplified by adsorbing C60 fullerene on Al(111), Au(111), and Be(0001) surfaces with and without single, triple, and septuple atom pits. An analysis of vacancy-adatom formation energetics precedes the study of the adsorption processes
Traumatic extremity arterial injury in children: Epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and prognostic value of Mangled Extremity Severity Score
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Traumatic paediatric arterial injuries are a great challenge due to low incidence and specific characteristics of paediatric anatomy and physiology. The aim of the present study was to investigate their epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic options and complications. Furthermore, the prognostic value of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) was evaluated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In a retrospective clinical study 44 children aged 9.0 ± 3.2 years treated for traumatic extremity arterial lesions in our Level I trauma center between 1971 and 2006 were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were age > 14, venous and iatrogenic vascular injury. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, severity of arterial lesions (by Vollmar and MESS), diagnostic and therapeutic management, complications and outcome were evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The most commonly injured vessel was the femoral artery (25%) followed by the brachial artery (22.7%). The mechanism of injury was penetrating (31.8%), isolated severe blunt extremity trauma (29.6%), multiple trauma (25%) and humeral supracondylar fractures (13.6%). In 63.6% no specific vascular diagnostic procedure was performed in favour of emergency surgery. Surgical reconstructive strategies were preferred (68.2%). A MESS < 7 was associated with initial (p < 0.05) and definite limb salvage (p < 0.001) of the lower extremity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Traumatic paediatric vascular injuries are very rare. The most common situations of vascular lesions in childhood were penetrating injuries and fractures of the extremities either as isolated injuries or in multiply injured patients. In paediatric patients, the MESS could serve as a basis for decision making for limb salvage or amputation.</p
Risk of symptomatic heterotopic ossification following plate osteosynthesis in multiple trauma patients: an analysis in a level-1 trauma centre
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Symptomatic heterotopic ossification (HO) in multiple trauma patients may lead to follow up surgery, furthermore the long-term outcome can be restricted. Knowledge of the effect of surgical treatment on formation of symptomatic heterotopic ossification in polytrauma is sparse. Therefore, we test the effects of surgical treatment (plate osteosynthesis or intramedullary nailing) on the formation of heterotopic ossification in the multiple trauma patient.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We retrospectively analysed prospectively documented data of blunt multiple trauma patients with long bone fractures which were treated at our level-1 trauma centre between 1997 and 2005. Patients were distributed to 2 groups: Patients treated by intramedullary nails (group IMN) or plate osteosynthesis (group PLATE) were compared. The expression and extension of symptomatic heterotopic ossifications on 3-6 months follow-up x-rays in antero-posterior (ap) and lateral views were classified radiologically and the maximum expansion was measured in millimeter (mm). Additionally, ventilation time, prophylactic medication like indomethacine and incidence and correlation of head injuries were analysed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>101 patients were included in our study, 79 men and 22 women. The fractures were treated by intramedullary nails (group IMN n = 50) or plate osteosynthesis (group PLATE n = 51). Significantly higher radiologic ossification classes were detected in group PLATE (2.9 ± 1.3) as compared to IMN (2.2 ± 1.1; p = 0.013). HO size in mm ap and lateral showed a tendency towards larger HOs in the PLATE group. Additionally PLATE group showed a higher rate of articular fractures (63% vs. 28% in IMN) while IMN demonstrated a higher rate of diaphyseal fractures (72% vs. 37% in PLATE; p = 0.003). Ventilation time, indomethacine and incidence of head injuries showed no significant difference between groups.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Fracture care with plate osteosynthesis in polytrauma patients is associated with larger formations of symptomatic heterotopic ossifications (HO) while intramedullary nailing was associated with a higher rate of remote HO. For future fracture care of multiply injured patients these facts may be considered by the responsible surgeon.</p
First results with the ORPHEUS dark matter detector
The ORPHEUS dark matter detector is operating at our underground laboratory
in Bern (70 m.w.e.). The detector relies on measuring the magnetic flux
variation produced by weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) as they heat
micron-sized superheated superconducting tin granules (SSG) and induce
superconducting-to-normal phase transitions. In an initial phase, 0.45 kg of
tin granules in a segmented detector volume have been used. In this paper a
general description of the experimental set-up, overall performance of the
detector, and first results are presented.Comment: 20 pages, Latex, submitted to Astropart. Phy
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