Sobre pinturas deshonestas, lienzos y naipes protestantes : tres documentos inquisitoriales vinculados a la censura y tráfico de imágenes heréticas en el mundo hispánico del siglo XVI

El temor a la llegada de doctrinas luteranas al territorio hispánico se zanjó con la censura de diversas obras literarias de temática controvertida que pudieran confundir a los fieles e infundirles ideas heréticas. El arte no estuvo exento de esta circunstancia. En nuestro artículo analizamos diversos textos donde se ve el temor por parte de los inquisidores a la transmisión de ideología anticatólica y también planteamos la subjetividad en la argumentación desarrollada en algunos de estos casos.El temor de l'arribada de doctrines luteranes al territori hispànic es va resoldre amb la censura de diverses obres literàries de temàtica controvertida que poguessin confondre els fidels i infondre'ls idees herètiques. L'art no va estar exempt d'aquesta circumstància. En el nostre article analitzem diversos textos on es veu el temor per part dels inquisidors a la transmissió d'ideologia anticatòlica, de la mateixa manera que plantegem la subjectivitat en l'argumentació desenvolupada en alguns d'aquests casos.The fear of the arrival of Lutheran doctrines to Hispanic territory was settled with the censorship of several literary works on controversial topics that may have confused the faithful and encouraged heretical ideas. Art was not exempt from this circumstance. In our paper, we analyze various texts which reveal how the inquisitors feared the transmission of anti-Catholic ideology and also examine the subjectivity of the arguments put forward in some of these cases

Maternal antibiotic use and vaginal infections in the third trimester of pregnancy and the risk of obesity in preschool children

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Prenatal paracetamol exposure and wheezing in childhood: Causation or confounding?

Several studies have reported an increased risk of wheezing in the children of mothers who used paracetamol during pregnancy. We evaluated to what extent this association is explained by confounding.We investigated the association between maternal paracetamol use in the first and third trimester of pregnancy and ever wheezing or recurrent wheezing/asthma in infants in the NINFEA cohort study. Risks ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated after adjustment for confounders, including maternal infections and antibiotic use during pregnancy.The prevalence of maternal paracetamol use was 30.6% during the first and 36.7% during the third trimester of pregnancy. The prevalence of ever wheezing and recurrent wheezing/asthma was 16.9% and 5.6%, respectively. After full adjustment, the RR for ever wheezing decreased from 1.25 [1.07-1.47] to 1.10 [0.94-1.30] in the first, and from 1.26 [1.08-1.47] to 1.10 [0.93-1.29] in the third trimester. A similar pattern was observed for recurrent wheezing/asthma. Duration of maternal paracetamol use was not associated with either outcome. Further analyses on paracetamol use for three non-infectious disorders (sciatica, migraine, and headache) revealed no increased risk of wheezing in children.The association between maternal paracetamol use during pregnancy and infant wheezing is mainly, if not completely explained by confounding

Internet-Based Birth-Cohort Studies: Is This the Future for Epidemiology?

BACKGROUND: International collaborative cohorts the NINFEA and the ELF studies are mother-child cohorts that use the internet for recruitment and follow-up of their members. The cohorts investigated the association of early life exposures and a wide range of non-communicable diseases. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to report the research methodology, with emphasis on the advantages and limitations offered by an Internet-based design. These studies were conducted in Turin, Italy and Wellington, New Zealand. METHODS: The cohorts utilized various online/offline methods to recruit participants. Pregnant women who became aware volunteered, completed an online questionnaire, thus obtaining baseline information. RESULTS: The NINFEA study has recruited 7003 pregnant women, while the ELF study has recruited 2197 women. The cohorts targeted the whole country, utilizing a range of support processes to reduce the attrition rate of the participants. For the NINFEA and ELF cohorts, online participants were predominantly older (35% and 28.9%, respectively), highly educated (55.6% and 84.9%, respectively), and were in their final trimester of pregnancy (48.5% and 53.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Internet-based cohort epidemiological studies are feasible, however, it is clear that participants are self-selective samples, as is the case for many birth cohorts. Internet-based cohort studies are potentially cost-effective and novel methodology for conducting long-term epidemiology research. However, from our experience, participants tend to be self-selective. In marked time, if the cohorts are to form part of a larger research program they require further use and exploration to address biases and overcome limitations

The Medieval and Modern Investigation Centre (CIMM). Documentary contributions

The present article is about the study of the medieval and modern painting in the Crown of Aragon with the documentation located for Centre Modern d Investigació Medieval (CIMM) of the Universitat Politècnica of València and the Universitat de Lleida. This study includes a total of eighteen documents, ten of which are previously unpublished. The remaining eight were known, but have been revised and completed in the archives and perfectly transcribed again for this publication. Although the first documents date from before 1450, these documents are very important for a full understanding of the stylistic switch to the late Gothic of Flemish influence that began in Valencia in the mid-fifteenth century, and continued until the early decades of the sixteenth. Although many of the documents on Jacomart are very brief, they contribute to a better overall profile of this important artist, painter to King Alfonso V the Magnanimous.Aliaga-Morell, J.; Company Climent, J.; Tolosa Robledo, LM.; Puig Sanchis, I.; Ramón Marqués, LN.; Rusconi, S.; Franco Llopis, B. (2014). The Medieval and Modern Investigation Centre (CIMM). Documentary contributions. Imago Temporis. Medium Aevum. VIII:329-356. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/65406S329356VII

Enhanced immunological recovery with early start of antiretroviral therapy during acute or early HIV infection–results of Italian Network of ACuTe HIV InfectiON (INACTION) retrospective study

ABSTRACT Background: Viral load peak and immune activation occur shortly after exposure during acute or early HIV infection (AEHI). We aimed to define the benefit of early start of antiretroviral treatment (ART) during AEHI in terms of immunological recovery, virological suppression, and treatment discontinuation. Setting: Patients diagnosed with AEHI (Fiebig stages I-V) during 2008-2014 from an analysis of 20 Italian centers. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective, and multicenter study. We investigated the ef- fect of early ART (defined as initiation within 3 months from AEHI diagnosis) on time to virolog- ical suppression, optimal immunological recovery (defined as CD4 count ≥ 500/μL, CD4 ≥ 30%, and CD4/CD8 ≥ 1), and first-line ART regimen discontinuation by Cox regression analysis. Results: There were 321 patients with AEHI included in the study (82.9% in Fiebig stage III-V). At diagnosis, the median viral load was 5.67 log10 copies/mL and the median CD4 count was 456 cells/μL. Overall, 70.6% of patients started early ART (median time from HIV diagnosis to ART initiation 12 days, IQR 6-27). Higher baseline viral load and AEHI diagnosis during 2012-2014 were independently associated with early ART. HBV co-infection, baseline CD4/CD8 ≥ 1, lower baseline HIV-RNA, and AEHI diagnosis in recent years (2012-2014) were independently associ- ated with a shorter time to virological suppression. Early ART emerged as an independent predic- tor of optimal immunological recovery after adjustment for baseline CD4 (absolute and percent- age count) and CD4/CD8 ratio. The only independent predictor of first-line ART discontinuation was an initial ART regimen including > 3 drugs. Conclusions: In a large cohort of well-characterized patients with AEHI, we confirmed the ben- eficial role of early ART on CD4+ T-cell recovery and on rates of CD4/CD8 ratio normalization. Moreover, we recognized baseline CD4/CD8 ratio as an independent factor influencing time to virological response in the setting of AEHI, thus giving new insights into research of immunolog- ical markers associated with virological control