Beyond Cholinesterase Inhibition. Anti-Inflammatory Role and Pharmacological Profile of Current Drug Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease

Inflammation is a common response of an individual against either exogenous or endogenous damage. The role of inflammation and of inflammatory cells recently emerged also in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Experimental evidences show how neurotransmitters, besides their role in the synapses, play a modulatory role during immune response. Drugs used for treatment of dementia symptoms are able to increase neurotransmitters levels, and likely to have a modulatory role during immune response. Aim of this review is to discuss the most recent advances on inflammation role during neurodegeneration and also to individuate the potential anti-inflammatory role played by drugs currently used for Alzheimer's disease treatment

Multi-component boron and niobium coating on M2 high speed steel processed by powder metallurgy

A multi-component boron and niobium coating can improve properties compared to conventional boron coating. A thicker layer of boron diffusion could be formed, providing a support layer of higher mechanical strength for the hard layer. The objective of this research is to develop a boron and niobium-based coating on the high-speed steel M2 produced by powder metallurgy (P/M). Firstly, calculations by ThermoCalc® were made to estimate parameters of niobium boronizing. Secondly, thermochemical treatments by pack cementation were carried out, in stages and also simultaneously. Microstructures, phases, hardness, roughness, wear resistance and coefficient of friction of the coatings were investigated. Finally, coatings composed of niobium carbides or niobium borides and iron borides, measuring more than 3000 HV0.025 of hardness was obtained by niobium‑boron based treatments. However, the best wear resistance was conferred in the boronizing coating.The authors would like to acknowledge financial support to the Ph.D. student from FAPESC, under the studentship number 0951801-0-01, from CAPES for Sandwich Doctorate, BEX 9676/11-2. Also, they would like to thank the UC3M and UDESC universities, where this investigation was performed

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Associated with Altered Neuropsychological Performance in Young Adults

Subjects with ischemic lesions have an increased risk of dementia. In addition, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment share many risk factors. These observations suggest that different diseases that cause altered blood perfusion of the brain or hypoxia promote AD neurodegeneration. In this case-control, cross-sectional study, we sought to test the hypothesis that hypoxia facilitates cognitive decline. We looked for altered neuropsychological performance in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without apparent cardio- or cerebrovascular diseases or risk factors for atherosclerosis. A selected, homogeneous group of workers from two ceramic factories in a small town of central Italy was enrolled in this study. The COPD patients had a slightly, but significantly worse performance than controls in a number of neuropsychological tests. The findings are consistent with the working hypothesis that chronic hypoxia facilitates cognitive decline

health related quality of life in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and its relationship with cognitive and emotional functioning

Objective: To evaluate the health-related quality of life in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and its relationships with clinical, genetic, neuropsychological and emotional factors. Design: Case-control study of a continuous series of patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Patients and methods: Twenty patients, and 20 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls underwent the MOS 36Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), an extensive neuropsychological battery and emotional functioning tests. Results: Patients' SF-36 mean scores were lower than those of controls in all dimensions. The neuropsychological study showed a significant impairment in visuospatial and verba

Patients with Alzheimer’s disease dementia show partially preserved parietal ‘hubs’ modeled from resting-state alpha electroencephalographic rhythms

Introduction: Graph theory models a network by its nodes (the fundamental unit by which graphs are formed) and connections. ‘Degree’ hubs reflect node centrality (the connection rate), while ‘connector’ hubs are those linked to several clusters of nodes (mainly long-range connections). Methods: Here, we compared hubs modeled from measures of interdependencies of between-electrode resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalography (rsEEG) rhythms in normal elderly (Nold) and Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) participants. At least 5 min of rsEEG was recorded and analyzed. As ADD is considered a ‘network disease’ and is typically associated with abnormal rsEEG delta (<4 Hz) and alpha rhythms (8–12 Hz) over associative posterior areas, we tested the hypothesis of abnormal posterior hubs from measures of interdependencies of rsEEG rhythms from delta to gamma bands (2–40 Hz) using eLORETA bivariate and multivariate-directional techniques in ADD participants versus Nold participants. Three different definitions of ‘connector’ hub were used. Results: Convergent results showed that in both the Nold and ADD groups there were significant parietal ‘degree’ and ‘connector’ hubs derived from alpha rhythms. These hubs had a prominent outward ‘directionality’ in the two groups, but that ‘directionality’ was lower in ADD participants than in Nold participants. Discussion: In conclusion, independent methodologies and hub definitions suggest that ADD patients may be characterized by low outward ‘directionality’ of partially preserved parietal ‘degree’ and ‘connector’ hubs derived from rsEEG alpha rhythms

Functional cortical source connectivity of resting state electroencephalographic alpha rhythms shows similar abnormalities in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that markers of functional cortical source connectivity of resting state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms may be abnormal in subjects with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's (ADMCI) and Parkinson's (PDMCI) diseases compared to healthy elderly subjects (Nold). Methods: rsEEG data had been collected in ADMCI, PDMCI, and Nold subjects (N = 75 for any group). eLORETA freeware estimated functional lagged linear connectivity (LLC) from rsEEG cortical sources. Area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve indexed the accuracy in the classification of Nold and MCI individuals. Results: Posterior interhemispheric and widespread intrahemispheric alpha LLC solutions were abnormally lower in both MCI groups compared to the Nold group. At the individual level, AUROC curves of LLC solutions in posterior alpha sources exhibited moderate accuracies (0.70-0.72) in the discrimination of Nold vs. ADMCI-PDMCI individuals. No differences in the LLC solutions were found between the two MCI groups. Conclusions: These findings unveil similar abnormalities in functional cortical connectivity estimated in widespread alpha sources in ADMCI and PDMCI. This was true at both group and individual levels. Significance: The similar abnormality of alpha source connectivity in ADMCI and PDMCI subjects might reflect common cholinergic impairment. (C) 2018 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Patients with Alzheimer’s disease dementia show partially preserved parietal ‘hubs’ modeled from resting-state alpha electroencephalographic rhythms

IntroductionGraph theory models a network by its nodes (the fundamental unit by which graphs are formed) and connections. ‘Degree’ hubs reflect node centrality (the connection rate), while ‘connector’ hubs are those linked to several clusters of nodes (mainly long-range connections).MethodsHere, we compared hubs modeled from measures of interdependencies of between-electrode resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalography (rsEEG) rhythms in normal elderly (Nold) and Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) participants. At least 5 min of rsEEG was recorded and analyzed. As ADD is considered a ‘network disease’ and is typically associated with abnormal rsEEG delta (&lt;4 Hz) and alpha rhythms (8–12 Hz) over associative posterior areas, we tested the hypothesis of abnormal posterior hubs from measures of interdependencies of rsEEG rhythms from delta to gamma bands (2–40 Hz) using eLORETA bivariate and multivariate-directional techniques in ADD participants versus Nold participants. Three different definitions of ‘connector’ hub were used.ResultsConvergent results showed that in both the Nold and ADD groups there were significant parietal ‘degree’ and ‘connector’ hubs derived from alpha rhythms. These hubs had a prominent outward ‘directionality’ in the two groups, but that ‘directionality’ was lower in ADD participants than in Nold participants.DiscussionIn conclusion, independent methodologies and hub definitions suggest that ADD patients may be characterized by low outward ‘directionality’ of partially preserved parietal ‘degree’ and ‘connector’ hubs derived from rsEEG alpha rhythms