Pairwise Pearson Correlations between Neonatal Variables.

<p>Note: The upper diagonal entries are based on male newborns, and the lower ones on female newborns.</p><p>Pairwise Pearson Correlations between Neonatal Variables.</p

Table_1_Pre-Columbian cultivation of vegetatively propagated and fruit tree tropical crops in the Atacama Desert.XLSX

South America is a megadiverse continent that witnessed the domestication, translocation and cultivation of various plant species from seemingly contrasting ecosystems. It was the recipient and supplier of crops brought to and from Mesoamerica (such as maize and cacao, respectively), and Polynesia to where the key staple crop sweet potato was exported. Not every instance of the trans-ecological expansion of cultivated plants (both domesticated and wild), however, resulted in successful farming. Here, we review the transregional circulation and introduction of five food tropical crops originated in the tropical and humid valleys of the eastern Andes—achira, cassava, ahipa, sweet potato, and pacay—to the hyper-arid coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, where they have been found in early archeological sites. By means of an evaluation of the contexts of their deposition and supported by direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes analyses, and starch grain analysis, we evaluate different hypotheses for explaining their introduction and adaptation to the hyper-arid soils of northern Chile, by societal groups that after the introduction of cultigens still retained a strong dependence on marine hunting, gathering and fishing ways of life based on wide variety of marine coast resources. Many of the studied plants were part of a broader package of introduced goods and technological devices and procedures, linked to food, therapeutic medicine, social and ritual purposes that transformed previous hunter-gatherer social, economic, and ideological institutions. Based on archeological data, we discuss some of the possible socio-ecological processes involved in the development of agricultural landscapes including the adoption of tropical crops originated several hundred kilometers away from the Atacama Desert during the Late Holocene.</p

Genotypes, allele frequencies, and geographic locations of the Native American populations investigated.

1<p>Samples genotyped in present study  = 229;</p>2<p>Caution is needed regarding the classification of these modes of subsistence, since they are not stable over time and may not be unique. However, the two categories adopted here (agriculturalist and hunter-gatherer/forager) represent general pre-Columbian subsistence conditions of the investigated populations in accordance with what is known about them. AMOVA results: (a) Among the subdivisions (<i>F_CT</i>): 3.6% (<i>p</i> = 0.000); (b) Among populations within the Mesoamerican Agriculturalist subdivision (<i>F_ST):</i> 1.8% (<i>p</i> = 0.008); (c) Among populations within the South American hunter-gatherer/forager subdivision: 5.3% (<i>p</i> = 0.005); Among populations within the Andean Agriculturarist group: 0% (<i>p</i> = 0.36).</p

Zea pollen relics ages and 230Cys*ABCA1 populations frequencies used for the regression analysis.

1<p>Located near the archeological sites of <i>Zea</i> pollen relics; 2 Conversion according to <a href="http://www.radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/radcarbcal.htm" target="_blank">www.radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/radcarbcal.htm</a>.</p>2<p>Data relative to archeological information were obtained from Blake (2006).</p

<i>ABCA1*</i>230Cys frequencies versus radiocarbon ages of maize domestication (<i>Zea</i> pollen relics; Blake [<b>42</b>]).

<p>Spearman’s rho value  = 0.936975 and <i>p</i> = 0.0019.</p

Plot of the joint <i>F_ST</i> and <i>He</i> distributions for the Mesoamerican agriculturalist <i>versus</i> South American (agriculturalists + hunter-gatherer/foraging) groups.

<p>Each dot indicates a SNP (listed in item c.2 in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038862#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> section). The lines represent confidence intervals. Only the <i>ABCA1</i> locus showed significance at the 5% level (filled blue circle). Five selected SNPs were not plotted in the figure because of monomorphic sites in all subdivisions, missing data, and/or dot superposition.</p

Subtypes of Native American ancestry and leading causes of death: Mapuche ancestry-specific associations with gallbladder cancer risk in Chile

<div><p>Latin Americans are highly heterogeneous regarding the type of Native American ancestry. Consideration of specific associations with common diseases may lead to substantial advances in unraveling of disease etiology and disease prevention.</p><p>Here we investigate possible associations between the type of Native American ancestry and leading causes of death. After an aggregate-data study based on genome-wide genotype data from 1805 admixed Chileans and 639,789 deaths, we validate an identified association with gallbladder cancer relying on individual data from 64 gallbladder cancer patients, with and without a family history, and 170 healthy controls. Native American proportions were markedly underestimated when the two main types of Native American ancestry in Chile, originated from the Mapuche and Aymara indigenous peoples, were combined together. Consideration of the type of Native American ancestry was crucial to identify disease associations. Native American ancestry showed no association with gallbladder cancer mortality (P = 0.26). By contrast, each 1% increase in the Mapuche proportion represented a 3.7% increased mortality risk by gallbladder cancer (95%CI 3.1–4.3%, P = 6×10⁻²⁷). Individual-data results and extensive sensitivity analyses confirmed the association between Mapuche ancestry and gallbladder cancer. Increasing Mapuche proportions were also associated with an increased mortality due to asthma and, interestingly, with a decreased mortality by diabetes. The mortality due to skin, bladder, larynx, bronchus and lung cancers increased with increasing Aymara proportions. Described methods should be considered in future studies on human population genetics and human health. Complementary individual-based studies are needed to apportion the genetic and non-genetic components of associations identified relying on aggregate-data.</p></div

Facial landmark anatomical definitions (see Fig 1 for anatomic-spatial reference).

<p>Facial landmark anatomical definitions (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0169287#pone.0169287.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a> for anatomic-spatial reference).</p

Boxplots of distribution of the FFA scores by country and sex.

<p>The dotted line represents the grand mean, the continuous black line connect means among countries. a) Females, b) males. Black points represent outlier values. The left column plots represent raw FFA scores and the right ones the FFA scores corrected for the heterozygosity effects.</p

Ancestry adjusted ANOVA tests for association between Melanin Index (MI)^a and genotypes in two admixed Brazilian populations.

a<p>ANOVA tests performed on 1/MI.</p>b<p>Not tested due to scarcity of data (only n = 4 individuals with genotype CC).</p