Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Effects of exercise intensity on postexercise hypotension after resistance training session in overweight hypertensive patients

Among all nonpharmacological treatments, aerobic or resistance training (RT) has been indicated as a significantly important strategy to control hypertension. However, postexercise hypotension responses after intensity alterations in RT are not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of differing intensities of RT on hypertensive older women. Twenty hypertensive older women participated voluntarily in this study. After a maximum voluntary contraction test (one repetition maximum) and determination of 40% and 80% experimental loads, the protocol (3 sets/90″ interset rest) was performed in a single session with the following exercises: leg press, leg extension, leg curl, chest press, elbow flexion, elbow extension, upper back row, and abdominal flexion. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were evaluated at rest, during exercise peak, and after 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of exercise and compared to the control. Both experimental loads were effective (P<0.01) in promoting postexercise systolic hypotension (mmHg) compared to controls, after 30, 45, and 60 minutes, respectively, at 40% (113±2, 112±4, and 110±3 mmHg) and 80% (111±3, 111±4, and 110±4 mmHg). Both procedures promoted hypotension with similar systolic blood pressures (40%: −11%±1.0% and 80%: −13%±0.5%), mean arterial blood pressures (40%: −12%±5.5% and 80%: −12%±3.4%), and rate-pressure products (40%: −15%±2.1% and 80%: −17%±2.4%) compared to control measures (systolic blood pressure: 1%±1%, mean arterial blood pressure:\ 0.6%±1.5%, rate-pressure product: 0.33%±1.1%). No differences were found in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate measures. In conclusion, hypertensive older women exhibit postexercise hypotension independently of exercise intensity without expressed cardiovascular overload during the session

Effects of circuit-based exercise programs on the body composition of elderly obese women

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of circuit-based exercise on the body composition in obese older women by focusing on physical exercise and body weight (BW) gain control in older people. Methods: Seventy older women (&gt;60 years old) voluntarily took part in the study. Participants were randomized into six different groups according to body mass index (BMI): appropriate weight (AW) control (AWC) and trained (AWT) groups, overweight (OW) control (OWC) and trained (OWT) groups, and obesity (O) control (OC) and trained (OT) groups. The exercise program consisted of 50 minutes of exercise three times per week for 12 weeks. The exercises were alternated between upper and lower body using rest between sets for 40 seconds with intensity controlled by heart rate (70% of work). The contraction time established was 5 seconds to eccentric and concentric muscular action phase. The following anthropometric parameters were evaluated: height (m), body weight (BW, kg), body fat (BF, %), fat mass (FM, kg), lean mass (LM, kg), and BMI (kg/m(2)). Results: The values (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) of relative changes to BW (-8.0% +/- 0.8%), BF (-21.4% +/- 2.1%), LM (3.0% +/- 0.3%), and FM (-31.2% +/- 3.0%) to the OT group were higher (P &lt; .05) than in the AWT (BW: -2.0% +/- 1.1%; BF: -4.6% +/- 1.8%; FM: -7.0% +/- 2.8%; LM: 0.2% +/- 1.1%) and OWT (BW: -4.5% +/- 1.0%; BF: -11.0% +/- 2.2%; FM: -16.1% +/- 3.2%; LM: -0.2% +/- 1.0%) groups; additionally, no differences were found for C groups. While reduction (P &lt; .03) in BMI according to absolute values was observed for all trained groups (AWT: 22 +/- 1 versus 21 +/- 1; OWT: 27 +/- 1 versus 25 +/- 1, OT: 34 +/- 1 versus 30 +/- 1) after training, no differences were found for C groups. Conclusion: In summary, circuit-based exercise is an effective method for promoting reduction in anthropometrics parameters in obese older women

Suplementação de carboidrato não reverte o efeito deletério do exercício de endurance sobre o subseqüente desempenho de força Suministrar carbohidratos no revierte el efecto destructivo del ejercicio de endurance sobre el subsiguiente desempeño de fuerza Carbohydrate supplementation fails to revert the deleterious effects of endurance exercise upon subsequent strength performance

Estudos disponíveis na literatura demonstram que a realização prévia de um exercício de endurance afeta de modo adverso o desempenho no exercício de força subseqüente. Tal ocorrência pode estar relacionada a mudanças metabólicas induzidas pelo exercício de endurance. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a ingestão de carboidrato (CHO) pode atenuar os efeitos de uma sessão aguda de exercício de endurance sobre o desempenho de força. A fim de testar essa hipótese, seis estudantes universitárias (164 ± 5,9cm; 64,9 ± 7,2kg), com experiência em treinamento de força, foram submetidas a um teste para a determinação do VO2pico (44 ± 4,3ml.min-1) e um teste de 1-RM para o leg press (186 ± 22,5kg) seguido de um teste de repetições máximas (duas séries de leg press realizado a 70% de 1-RM até exaustão 1ª série 21 ± 2,6 e 2ª série 11 ± 1,9 repetições) em dias diferentes. Seguindo um protocolo duplo-cego, os sujeitos foram submetidos a duas condições experimentais, recebendo uma bebida placebo (P) ou outra contendo carboidrato (6% - maltodextrina), antes (500ml) e durante (500ml) a realização de uma sessão de exercício de endurance (corrida em esteira 70% do VO2pico por 45 minutos). Em seguida ao exercício de endurance, os indivíduos realizaram um teste de 1-RM seguido pelo teste de repetições máximas. Não foram observadas mudanças no teste de 1-RM e na concentração plasmática de glicose entre as condições experimentais (P x CHO). O número de repetições máximas a 70%-1RM apresentou decréscimo nas duas situações (P 1ª série 13 ± 2,9 repetições e 2ª série 6 ± 2,1 repetições; CHO 1ª série 15 ± 2,5 repetições e 2ª série 7 ± 1,7 repetições, p < 0,05), não havendo diferença entre ambas. Uma sessão de exercício de endurance (intensidade moderada e longa duração) realizada previamente afeta de modo negativo a capacidade de realizar repetições máximas. Independente do mecanismo envolvido na redução do número de repetições máximas, o consumo de carboidrato foi incapaz de reverter esse efeito prejudicial.<br>Los estudios disponibles en la literatura demuestran que la realización previa de un ejercicio de endurance afecta de modo adverso el desempeño en el ejercicio de fuerza subsiguiente. Tal ocurrencia puede estar relacionada a cambios metabólicos inducidos por el ejercicio de endurance. Nuestro objetivo fue verificar si el ingerir carbohidratos (CHO) puede atenuar los efectos de una sesión aguda de ejercicio de endurance sobre el desempeño de fuerza. Con el fin de verificar esta hipótesis, 6 estudiantes universitarias (164 ± 5,9cm; 64,9 ± 7,2kg), con experiencia en entrenamiento de fuerza, fueron sometidas a un test para determinar el VO2pico (44 ± 4,3ml.min-1) y a un test de 1-RM para leg press (186 ± 22,5kg) seguido de un test de repeticiones máximas (2 series de leg press realizado a 70% de 1-RM hasta el cansancio 1ª serie 21 ± 2,6 y 2ª serie 11 ± 1,9 repeticiones) en días diferentes. Siguiendo un procedimiento doble-ciego los voluntarios fueron sometidos a dos condiciones experimentales, recibiendo una bebida placebo (P) u otra conteniendo carbohidratos (6% - maltodextrina), antes (500ml) y durante (500ml) la realización de una sesión de ejercicio de endurance (carrera en trotadores, 70% de VO2pico por 45 minutos). Después del ejercicio de endurance, los voluntarios realizaron un test de 1-RM seguido del test de repeticiones máximas. No se observaron cambios en el test de 1-RM o en la concentración plasmática de glicosis entre las condiciones experimentales (P x CHO). El número de repeticiones máximas a 70%-1RM presentó disminución en ambas situaciones (P 1ª serie 13 ± 2,9 reps y 2ª serie 6 ± 2,1 reps; CHO 1ª serie 15 ± 2,5 reps y 2ª serie 7 ± 1,7 reps, p < 0,05), no habiendo diferencia entre ellas. Una sesión de ejercicio de endurance (intensidad moderada) realizada previamente afecta de modo negativo la capacidad de repeticiones máximas. Independiente del mecanismo, el consumo de carbohidratos fue incapaz de revertir ese efecto perjudicial.<br>Previous studies indicated that endurance exercise might have an adverse effect on subsequent strength performance. The decrease in strength performance might be related to the changes promoted by endurance exercise in energy metabolism. Authors' aim was verify if carbohydrate (CHO) feeding can attenuate the effects of endurance exercise on strength development. To verify that hypothesis, six female university students (164 ± 5.9 cm; 64.9 ± 7.2 kg) with strength training experience were submitted to a VO2peak test (44 ± 4.3 ml.min-1) and an 1-RM test in the leg press (186 ± 22.5 kg) followed by a maximum repetitions test (2 sets of leg press exercise performed at 70% of 1-RM value until exhaustion, 1st set 21 ± 2.6 reps and 2nd set 11 ± 1.9 reps) in different days. In a double-blind design, the subjects were submitted to two different trials, receiving placebo (P) or CHO beverages (1 L of P or 6% maltodextrin solutions), 60 min before (500 ml) and during (500 ml) endurance exercise bout. These bouts were performed in a treadmill at 70% of VO2peak for 45 minutes. Subsequently, the subjects performed an 1-RM test followed by a maximum repetitions test. No changes were observed in 1-RM test. There was a similar decline in maximum repetitions test (an index of muscular endurance) in both trials (P - 1st set 13 ± 2.9 reps and 2nd set 6 ± 2.1 reps; CHO - 1st set 15 ± 2.5 reps and 2nd set 7 ± 1.7 reps, p < 0.05). Previous endurance exercise bout promoted deleterious effect upon muscular endurance task (maximum repetitions test - 70%-1-RM). CHO supplementation was inefficient to revert the effect of endurance exercise upon maximum repetitions test

Alteração da relação testosterona: cortisol induzida pelo treinamento de força em mulheres Alteración de la relación testosterona: cortisol inducida por el entrenamiento de fuerza en mujeres Alteration of testosterone: cortisol ratio induced by resistance training in women

A razão entre a concentração de testosterona e cortisol (T:C) é freqüentemente utilizada como indicativo do nível de estresse imposto pelo exercício. Alterações na concentração destes hormônios são responsáveis por modular diversas respostas induzidas pelo treinamento, como hipertrofia e ganho de força. O objetivo do presente estudo foi examinar a influência do protocolo de treinamento de força, conhecido como múltiplas-séries (MS), sobre o ganho de força, de resistência muscular localizada e a relação entre a concentração de hormônios catabólicos (cortisol) e anabólicos (testosterona). Para testar esta hipótese cinco jovens do sexo feminino com um ano de experiência em treinamento de força foram submetidas ao protocolo MS. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e imediatamente após o exercício, no primeiro dia e após oito semanas de treinamento. Os testes de 1-RM e de repetições máximas foram realizados também no início e ao final das oito semanas de treinamento de força. Não foram observadas alterações na massa corporal, no IMC, na percentagem de massa gorda e na força máxima (1-RM) no supino, no agachamento e na rosca direta. O número de repetições máximas a 50% de 1-RM foi aumentado apenas para o supino (p < 0,05). Não foi observada alteração na concentração de testosterona total. Com relação à concentração plasmática de cortisol, após oito semanas de treino, na situação de repouso, foi reduzida (38% - p < 0,05). Em conseqüência da atenuação da secreção de cortisol após oito semanas de treinamento, a razão T:C apresentou elevação de 20% na situação de repouso (p < 0,05). Apesar de não terem sido detectadas alterações funcionais nos testes de 1-RM e repetições máximas, o método MS induziu um quadro hormonal favorável ao anabolismo protéico.<br>La razón entre testosterona y cortisol (T:C) es frecuentemente utilizada como indicador del nivel de stress impuesto por el ejercicio. Las alteraciones de las concentraciones de estas hormonas son las responsables por modular diversas respuestas inducidas por el entrenamiento, como son la hipertrofia y el aumento de la fuerza. El objetivo del presente estudio fué examinar la influencia del protocolo de entrenamiento de fuerza, conocido como series multiples (MS), sobre la ganancia de fuerza, la resistencia muscular localizada y la relación entre las concentraciones de las hormonas catabólicas (cortisol) y anabólicas (testoterona). Para testar esta hipótesis, cinco jovenes del sexo feminino con un año de experiencia en entrenamiento de fuerza fueron sometidas al protocolo MS. Las muestras de sangre fueron colectadas antes e imediatamente después del ejercicio, en el primer día y después de ocho semanas de entrenamiento. Los tests de 1-RM y de repeticiones máximas fueron realizados también al inicio y al final después de las ocho semanas del entrenamiento de fuerza. No fueron observadas alteraciones de la masa corporal, IMC, porcentaje de masa grasa, fuerza (1-RM) para los ejercicios supino, agachamiento y rosca directa. El número de repeticiones máximas al 50% de 1-RM fue aumentando solamente apenas para el supino (p < 0,05). No se observó alteración en la concentración de la testosterona total. Con relación a la concentración plasmática de cortisol después de las ocho semanas de entrenamiento, en la situación de reposo fué reducida (38% - p < 0,05). En consecuencia de la atenuación de la secreción de cortisol después de ocho semanas de entrenamiento, la razón T:C presentó elevación del 20% de la situación de reposo (p < 0,05). A pesar de no haber sido detectadas alteraciones funcionales en los tests de 1-RM de repeticiones máximas, el método MS indujo un cuadro hormonal favorable al anabolismo proteico.<br>The ratio between the concentration of testosterone and cortisol (T:C) is frequently used as indicative of the stress level imposed by the exercise. Alterations in the concentration of these hormones are responsible for modulating several responses induced by training, such as hypertrophy and strength gain. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of the resistance training protocol, also known as multiple-series (MS), on the strength gain, the muscular endurance and the relation between the concentration of catabolic hormones (cortisol) and anabolic hormones (testosterone). In order to test this hypothesis, five young women with one-year of strength training practice were submitted to the MS protocol. The blood samples were collected before and immediately after the exercise at the first day and after eight weeks of training. The 1-RM and the maximal repetition tests were also performed at the beginning and after eight weeks of strength training. No alterations on the body mass, on the IMC, on the fat mass percentage and on the maximal strength (1-RM) on bench press, squat and arm curl were observed. The number of maximal repetitions at 50% of the 1-RM was increased only for the bench press (p < 0.05). No alterations on the concentration of the total testosterone were observed. The cortisol plasmatic concentration, after eight weeks of training, in the rest situation, was reduced (38%; p < 0.05). Due to the lessening of the cortisol secretion after eight weeks of training, the T:C ratio presented elevation of 20% in the rest situation (p < 0.05). Although no functional alterations in the 1-RM and maximal repetitions tests were detected, the MS method induced a hormonal condition favorable to the protein metabolism

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data