Cativeiros e enredos de liberta??o dos devotos de cor nas Minas da Am?rica portuguesa.

Neste artigo, abordaram-se as trajet?rias dos africanos, crioulos e mesti?os, constitutivas do quadro religioso e pol?tico das Minas Gerais setecentistas, que conceberam enredos de liberdade nas espec?ficas experi?ncias do cativeiro. Tais enredos, ou pr?ticas, estrat?gias e narrativas dos sujeitos, apesar de serem express?es pessoais, manifestaram os tratos, redes e associa??es dos sujeitos das comunidades escravistas resultantes da di?spora africana. Da? pode-se apreender a din?mica do escravismo, cujos agentes redimensionaram os percursos sociais leg?timos dos africanos e dos afrodescendentes, favorecidos no contexto colonialista pombalino. As pr?ticas religiosas da catolicidade na Am?rica, o eixo da an?lise, forneceram uma chave para a compreens?o mais acurada dessas diversas performances dos escravizados, dos libertos e das pessoas livres de cor na constru??o social de liberdades.In this paper I approached the trajectory of Africans, creoles, and mestizos, great part of the political-religious scenario of seventeenth century Minas Gerais, which generated plots of emancipation in their specific experiences in captivity. Such plots, or practices, strategies, and narratives of these subjects, despite being personal testimonies, set forth traits, networks, and associations of the people in enslaved communities resulted from the African Diaspora. Hence, one can apprehend the dynamics of slavery, whose agents redimensioned the legitimate social routes of the Africans and their descendents, favored in the Pombaline colonial context. The religious practices of Catholicism in America, axis of the present analysis, provide a key to a more accurate comprehension of these various performances of the enslaved, emancipated, as well as free people of color in the social construction of freedom

From the groceries to the richest gold pans existing in Minas : distinction of taste in eighteenth-century urbe, Minas Gerais.

O estudo buscou investigar as pr?ticas de alimenta??o dos moradores do territ?rio miner?rio, a partir dos condicionantes sociais, culturais e econ?micos. Observamos que a agricultura de subsist?ncia (ro?as), j? associada aos descobertos de ouro (e de diamantes) nas fronteiras, foi reconfigurada na economia colonial-atl?ntica de abastecimento das povoa??es urbanas. Al?m da crescente produ??o agropastoril, houve uma significativa diversifica??o dos g?neros comercializados. Contudo, o quadro b?sico nutricional dos moradores livres pobres e dos cativos pouco mudou ao longo do s?culo XVIII. Mesmo assim, n?o foi desprez?vel, em uma hist?ria mobilizada pelo imagin?rio e pelos desejos, a disposi??o dos moradores pobres, ou dos trabalhadores africanos e afrodescendentes, para lograr uma variedade do gosto, que se apresentava nos comest?veis, a?ucarados ou n?o, das quitandas, das vendas / cozinhas clandestinas e das comemora??es festivas.The study sought to investigate the feeding practices of the inhabitants of the mining territory, based on social, cultural and economic factors. We observed that subsistence agriculture (ro?as), already associated with gold (and diamond) discoveries at the borders, was reshaped in the colonial-Atlantic economy of supplying urban settlements. In addition to the growing agropastoral production, there was a significant diversification of the commercialized genera. However, the basic nutritional scene of the poor free people and captive people changed little during the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, in a story mobilized by imagination and desires, the disposition of the poor inhabitants, or African and Afro-descendant workers, to achieve a variety of taste is significant and was presented through the sale of food, both sugary and not, in quitandas clandestine / kitchens and festive celebrations

Estilo de minerar ouro nas Minas Gerais escravistas, século XVIII

A historiografia sobre as minas apega-se às determinações econômicas e técnicas da atividade mineradora, na América portuguesa. Buscamos, no entanto, relacionar técnica e direito (legal e costumeiro), salientando que este fundamenta a dinâmica ou evolução das práticas minerárias. Abordamos, ainda, as relações de trabalho constituídas nas unidades de extração aurífera: das diversas formas de associação às faisqueiras.The historiography of mines is closely related to economic and technical demands of the mining activity in Portuguese America. We seek to relate technique and Law (criminal and common) emphasizing that the latter substantiates the dynamics or evolution of the mining practices. We still cover labor relations incorporated in the gold extraction units, i.e., the diverse manners of association to gold lodes

Vitamin D e diabetes melito: uma atualização 2013

Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus are two common conditions and they are widely prevalent across all ages, races, geographical regions, and socioeconomic conditions. Epidemiologic studies have shown association of vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. The identification of 1,25(OH)2D receptors and 1-α-hydroxilase expression in pancreatic beta cells, in cells of the immune system, and in various others tissues, besides the bone system support the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Observational studies have revealed an association between 25(OH) D deficiency and the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. This review will focus on the concept of vitamin D deficiency, its prevalence, and its role in the pathogenesis and risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.A deficiência de vitamina D e o diabetes melito são enfermidades comuns na população e são altamente prevalentes em todas as raças, idades, regiões geográficas e situação socioeconômica. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram uma associação entre hipovitaminose D com o aumento do risco de doenças crônicas, tais como câncer, doença cardiovascular, diabetes melito do tipo 2 e doenças autoimunes como a esclerose múltipla e o diabetes mellitus do tipo 1. A identificação de receptores da 1,25(OH)2 D e da expressão da 1 α-hidroxilase nas células betapancreáticas, em células do sistema imunológico e em uma variedade de células do organismo além do tecido ósseo, suporta o papel da vitamina D na patogênese do diabetes tipo 2 e do tipo 1. Esta revisão apresenta e discute o conceito de deficiência de vitamina D, sua prevalência e seu papel na patogênese e no risco de desenvolvimento do diabetes melito e doenças cardiovasculares.Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases Division of Agamenon Magalhães HospitalUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Endocrinology Division and Diabetes CenterUFPE Public Health and Epidemiology DivisionUNIFESP, Endocrinology Division and Diabetes CenterSciEL

Models to aid studies on territory delimitation for Brazilian geographical indications

A geographical indication (GI) seal granted to a product certifies its territorial origin as well as the link between its quality and human and natural characteristics of its production environment (terroir). An existing challenge in the process of setting up a GI for a product is delimiting the geographic area that properly represents the terroir and generates the expected territorial development after the grant of this protection seal. This article presents tools that can contribute to studies on the delimitation of the territory of GIs in Brazil. Through a bibliographic search, we compared models for delineating GI areas compared with the standards used for this purpose in Brazilian GIs. Our findings show that the process of delimiting GI areas ​​in Brazil is different for each type of indication, and distinct characteristics are also present in each type of GI intended, whether it be an Indication of Source or a Denomination of Origin. Only two of the analyzed models exhibited structures close to these characteristics, so they are recommended to aid studies on the delimitation of the area of Brazilian GIs. However, they cannot be used as a standard to this end

Constitutive modelling of mechanically induced martensitic transformations

PurposeThe purpose of this work is to apply a recently proposed constitutive model for mechanically induced martensitic transformations to the prediction of transformation loci. Additionally, this study aims to elucidate if a stress-assisted criterion can account for transformations in the so-called strain-induced regime.Design/methodology/approachThe model is derived by generalising the stress-based criterion of Patel and Cohen (1953), relying on lattice information obtained using the Phenomenological Theory of Martensite Crystallography. Transformation multipliers (cf. plastic multipliers) are introduced, from which the martensite volume fraction evolution ensues. The associated transformation functions provide a variant selection mechanism. Austenite plasticity follows a classical single crystal formulation, to account for transformations in the strain-induced regime. The resulting model is incorporated into a fully implicit RVE-based computational homogenisation finite element code.FindingsResults show good agreement with experimental data for a meta-stable austenitic stainless steel. In particular, the transformation locus is well reproduced, even in a material with considerable slip plasticity at the martensite onset, corroborating the hypothesis that an energy-based criterion can account for transformations in both stress-assisted and strain-induced regimes.Originality/valueA recently developed constitutive model for mechanically induced martensitic transformations is further assessed and validated. Its formulation is fundamentally based on a physical metallurgical mechanism and derived in a thermodynamically consistent way, inheriting a consistent mechanical dissipation. This model draws on a reduced number of phenomenological elements and is a step towards the fully predictive modelling of materials that exhibit such phenomena

Terapia Nutricional en el Paciente en Estado Crítico con COVID-19 Tratado con Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea (ECMO): Reporte de Caso

Introducción: la oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) es una terapia utilizada en pacientes con falla respiratoria severa con el objetivo de proporcionar oxigenación y eliminación de dióxido de carbono. Los pacientes que reciben ECMO presentan un estado de hipermetabolismo con catabolismo proteico y resistencia a la insulina, aunado a esto el empleo de medicamentos vasoactivos, esteroides y sedantes, pueden contribuir a disfunción gastrointestinal. La evidencia actual respecto a la terapia médico nutricional (TMN) en pacientes con COVID-19 tratados con ECMO es limitada.   Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de un paciente en estado crítico con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19 que recibió ECMO venovenosa, reportamos el abordaje y monitoreo de la TMN durante su estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, particularmente durante el tratamiento con ECMO.   Conclusiones: la TMN a través de la infusión de nutrición enteral es segura durante el tratamiento con ECMO venovenosa; sin embargo, el aporte energético de medicamentos e interrupciones en la alimentación debida a procedimientos médicos son factores que afectan la adecuación nutricional.   Palabras clave: COVID-19, enfermedad crítica, ECMO, terapia médico nutricional

Terapia Nutricional en el Paciente en Estado Crítico con COVID-19 Tratado con Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea (ECMO): Reporte de Caso

Introducción: la oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) es una terapia utilizada en pacientes con falla respiratoria severa con el objetivo de proporcionar oxigenación y eliminación de dióxido de carbono. Los pacientes que reciben ECMO presentan un estado de hipermetabolismo con catabolismo proteico y resistencia a la insulina, aunado a esto el empleo de medicamentos vasoactivos, esteroides y sedantes, pueden contribuir a disfunción gastrointestinal. La evidencia actual respecto a la terapia médico nutricional (TMN) en pacientes con COVID-19 tratados con ECMO es limitada.   Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de un paciente en estado crítico con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19 que recibió ECMO venovenosa, reportamos el abordaje y monitoreo de la TMN durante su estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, particularmente durante el tratamiento con ECMO.   Conclusiones: la TMN a través de la infusión de nutrición enteral es segura durante el tratamiento con ECMO venovenosa; sin embargo, el aporte energético de medicamentos e interrupciones en la alimentación debida a procedimientos médicos son factores que afectan la adecuación nutricional.   Palabras clave: COVID-19, enfermedad crítica, ECMO, terapia médico nutricional