Aetiology, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Predictors of\ud Urinary Tract Infection among Febrile Under-Fives at\ud Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of fever in children and contributes to morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at determining prevalence, aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam- Tanzania. Demographic data were collected using a pretested questionnaire. 382 febrile children below five years admitted in the general paediatric wards were recruited. Urine specimens were obtained for urinalysis, culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. UTI was detected in 16.8% (64/382). Children who presented prolonged duration of fever (7 days or longer) were more likely to have UTI (p< 0.01). Duration of fever, positive leukocyte and nitrite tests were independent predictors of UTI. Isolated bacteria included Escherichia coli (39.1%), Klebsiella spp (31.2%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.7%). We observed high resistance of the isolated uropathogens to ampicillin (79.9%), co-trimoxazole (89%) and clavulanate-amoxillin (70.3%). Amikacin had the least resistance (12.5%) from the isolated pathogens

Estimation of genetic parameters in two maize recurrent selection programs

Recurrent selection is a cyclical breeding procedure that focuses on improving the mean performance of a population by increasing the frequency of favorable alleles, while maintaining adequate genetic variability for continued selection. Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) is a maize population that has undergone continuous recurrent selection for more than 50 years as the base population for two independent selection programs (intra- and inter-population);This study was designed to estimate the mean performance and important genetic parameters in BSSS populations per se after: seven cycles of half-sib (HS) progeny selection, six cycles of S2-progeny selection, and 11 cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS). A Design II (cross-classified) mating design was constructed to give direct estimates of additive and dominance variance in the individual populations. Fourteen sets of 4 male by 4 female matings for each of the populations were evaluated in a randomized incomplete block (Reps/Sets) experiment grown in multiple environments;RRS in BSSS produced the most effective mean performance responses for grain yield in the populations per se. S2-progeny selection in BSSS did not perform up to theoretical expectations. Variance component estimates showed very little significant change for the majority of the traits with all three selection methods. In general, the largest portion of the total genetic variance for all traits consisted of additive variance. However, dominance variance for grain yield seems to be an important component in BSSS germplasm. Genetic variance by environmental interaction variance components were generally of unimportant magnitude. The importance of dominance variance in BSSS provides for more effective response from selection with testcross selection methods that can take advantage of dominance genetic effects. With adequate levels of available additive genetic variance remaining and high heritability estimates for most of the traits of interest, future response from selection should be achieved with each selection method

Mathematical Structure of Musical Tuning Systems

Over the course of history, western music has created a unique mathematical problem for itself. From acoustics, we know that two notes sound good together when they are related by simple ratios consisting of low primes. The problem arises when we try to build a finite set of pitches, like the 12 notes on a piano, that are all related by such ratios. We approach the problem by laying out definitions and axioms that seek to identify and generalize desirable properties. We can then apply these ideas to a broadened algebraic framework. Rings in which low prime integers can be factored are of particular interest. Unique viable solutions can be found in various Euclidean domains, including the Gaussian integers and the Eisenstein integers

Antimatter interferometry for gravity measurements

We describe a light-pulse atom interferometer that is suitable for any species of atom and even for electrons and protons as well as their antiparticles, in particular for testing the Einstein equivalence principle with antihydrogen. The design obviates the need for resonant lasers through far-off resonant Bragg beam splitters and makes efficient use of scarce atoms by magnetic confinement and atom recycling. We expect to reach an initial accuracy of better than 1% for the acceleration of free fall of antihydrogen, which can be improved to the part-per million level.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Minor changes, accepted for PR

Backward running or absence of running from Creutz ratios

We extract the running coupling based on Creutz ratios in SU(2) lattice gauge theory with two Dirac fermions in the adjoint representation. Depending on how the extrapolation to zero fermion mass is performed, either backward running or an absence of running is observed at strong bare coupling. This behavior is consistent with other findings which indicate that this theory has an infrared fixed point.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures; v2 fifth mass point added, three extrapolations now performed, conclusions softene

Radiative hydrodynamic modelling and observations of the X-class solar flare on 2011 March 9

We investigated the response of the solar atmosphere to non-thermal electron beam heating using the radiative transfer and hydrodynamics modelling code RADYN. The temporal evolution of the parameters that describe the non-thermal electron energy distribution were derived from hard X-ray observations of a particular flare, and we compared the modelled and observed parameters. The evolution of the non-thermal electron beam parameters during the X1.5 solar flare on 2011 March 9 were obtained from analysis of RHESSI X-ray spectra. The RADYN flare model was allowed to evolve for 110 seconds, after which the electron beam heating was ended, and was then allowed to continue evolving for a further 300s. The modelled flare parameters were compared to the observed parameters determined from extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopy. The model produced a hotter and denser flare loop than that observed and also cooled more rapidly, suggesting that additional energy input in the decay phase of the flare is required. In the explosive evaporation phase a region of high-density cool material propagated upward through the corona. This material underwent a rapid increase in temperature as it was unable to radiate away all of the energy deposited across it by the non-thermal electron beam and via thermal conduction. A narrow and high-density ($n_{e} \le 10^{15}$ cm$^{-3}$) region at the base of the flare transition region was the source of optical line emission in the model atmosphere. The collision-stopping depth of electrons was calculated throughout the evolution of the flare, and it was found that the compression of the lower atmosphere may permit electrons to penetrate farther into a flaring atmosphere compared to a quiet Sun atmosphere.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure

Fusiones y Adquisiciones de Empresas : Análisis y procesos de fusión por absorción de empresa de cable en Nicaragua para el año 2015

El presente Seminario de Graduación denominado Análisis y Proceso de Fusión por Absorción de Empresas de Cable en Nicaragua Para el Año 2015, se elaboró con las finalidades de describir las generalidades de las fusiones, presentar el marco legal contable nicaragüense sobre las fusiones de empresas, explicar el proceso de fusión por absorción de empresas y finalmente elaborar un caso práctico sobre el tema en cuestión. Con el desarrollo del trabajo se concluye que el proceso de fusión por absorción de una institución conlleva una serie de actividades encaminadas a unir, combinar o integrar dos o más entidades participantes, que tienen como objeto inmediato el crecimiento y la expansión de los activos, ingresos y participación en el Mercado. En el caso particular de este trabajo, las empresas de Cable X y Z se fusionaron y, tras cumplir todos los requisitos legales que sean de aplicación, la empresa Cable X va a absorber a la sociedad Cables Z. En el 2014, la empresa de Cable X evaluó su situación financiera para enfrentar los retos de la competencia en el entorno del negocio de telecomunicaciones y, para ello, determinó que para extraer el mayor valor de las operaciones la sociedad debe integrarse jurídicamente a través de una fusión con otra sociedad del gremio que cuenten con mejor situación financiera y mayor participación en el mercado para poder ofrecer mayor cobertura y mejor servicio para los clientes. En función del valor real de las acciones, el tipo de canje será de 2 acciones de Cables X por 1 acción de Cables Z. En función del mismo, los socios de Cables Z, sociedad que se va a disolver, entregarán 1 acción de la sociedad extinguida y recibirán 2 acciones de Cables X. La sociedad Cables X deberá ampliar capital por un total de 6, 000 acciones (se van a efectuar 3, 000 canjes), de valor nominal de 100 córdobas (igual al nominal de las ya existentes), emitidas al 200% (1, 200, 000 córdobas / 6.000 acciones = 200 córdobas de valor de emisión). Se registran los activos adquiridos por su valor razonable en la fecha de adquisición y los pasivos asumidos de la empresa Cables Z. Se entregan las acciones emitidas en la ampliación a los socios de Cables Z, según el canje fijado