Orion Aerodynamics for Hypersonic Free Molecular to Continuum Conditions

Numerical simulations are performed for the Orion Crew Module, previously known as the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Command Module, to characterize its aerodynamics during the high altitude portion of its reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, that is, from free molecular to continuum hypersonic conditions. The focus is on flow conditions similar to those that the Orion Crew Module would experience during a return from the International Space Station. The bulk of the calculations are performed with two direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) codes, and these data are anchored with results from both free molecular and Navier-Stokes calculations. Results for aerodynamic forces and moments are presented that demonstrate their sensitivity to rarefaction, that is, for free molecular to continuum conditions (Knudsen numbers of 111 to 0.0003). Also included are aerodynamic data as a function of angle of attack for different levels of rarefaction and results that demonstrate the aerodynamic sensitivity of the Orion CM to a range of reentry velocities (7.6 to 15 km/s)

Blunt Body Aerodynamics for Hypersonic Low Density Flows

Numerical simulations are performed for the Apollo capsule from the hypersonic rarefied to the continuum regimes. The focus is on flow conditions similar to those experienced by the Apollo 6 Command Module during the high altitude portion of its reentry. The present focus is to highlight some of the current activities that serve as a precursor for computational tool assessments that will be used to support the development of aerodynamic data bases for future capsule flight environments, particularly those for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). Results for aerodynamic forces and moments are presented that demonstrate their sensitivity to rarefaction; that is, free molecular to continuum conditions. Also, aerodynamic data are presented that shows their sensitivity to a range of reentry velocities, encompassing conditions that include reentry from low Earth orbit, lunar return, and Mars return velocities (7.7 to 15 km/s). The rarefied results obtained with direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) codes are anchored in the continuum regime with data from Navier-Stokes simulations

The Influence of Magnetic Field on Oscillations in the Solar Chromosphere

Two sequences of solar images obtained by the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer in three UV passbands are studied using wavelet and Fourier analysis and compared to the photospheric magnetic flux measured by the Michelson Doppler Interferometer on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory to study wave behaviour in differing magnetic environments. Wavelet periods show deviations from the theoretical cutoff value and are interpreted in terms of inclined fields. The variation of wave speeds indicates that a transition from dominant fast-magnetoacoustic waves to slow modes is observed when moving from network into plage and umbrae. This implies preferential transmission of slow modes into the upper atmosphere, where they may lead to heating or be detected in coronal loops and plumes.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures (4 colour online only), accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Aqueous Angiography with Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green in Bovine Eyes.

PurposeWe characterize aqueous angiography as a real-time aqueous humor outflow imaging (AHO) modality in cow eyes with two tracers of different molecular characteristics.MethodsCow enucleated eyes (n = 31) were obtained and perfused with balanced salt solution via a Lewicky AC maintainer through a 1-mm side-port. Fluorescein (2.5%) or indocyanine green (ICG; 0.4%) were introduced intracamerally at 10 mm Hg individually or sequentially. With an angiographer, infrared and fluorescent images were acquired. Concurrent anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed, and fixable fluorescent dextrans were introduced into the eye for histologic analysis of angiographically positive and negative areas.ResultsAqueous angiography in cow eyes with fluorescein and ICG yielded high-quality images with segmental patterns. Over time, ICG maintained a better intraluminal presence. Angiographically positive, but not negative, areas demonstrated intrascleral lumens with anterior segment OCT. Aqueous angiography with fluorescent dextrans led to their trapping in AHO pathways. Sequential aqueous angiography with ICG followed by fluorescein in cow eyes demonstrated similar patterns.ConclusionsAqueous angiography in model cow eyes demonstrated segmental angiographic outflow patterns with either fluorescein or ICG as a tracer.Translational relevanceFurther characterization of segmental AHO with aqueous angiography may allow for intelligent placement of trabecular bypass minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries for improved surgical results

Biochemical quality indices of sorghum genotypes from east Africa for malting and brewing

There is a gradual shift to substitute barley with sorghum in brewing industry to reduce the cost of doing business and make beer products more competitive. This study evaluates the sorghum genotypes for desirable malting and brewing characteristics. Biochemical characteristics assayed for 131 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] accessions included total starch, amylopectin, amylose, proteins, tannins contents, germination energy and germination capacity. Results indicate that starch contents ranged from 22.8 - 81.2%, amylose from 11.5 - 30.2% while the amylopectin content ranged from 6.6 - 59.8%. Generally, amylose contents of sorghum genotypes were lower than their amylopectin contents, with a ratio of 1:2. The mean protein content for the sorghum accessions was 9.4% with a range of 3 - 18%, while that of barley was from 7.7 - 9.8%. Germination energy and germination capacity for sorghum ranged from 82.9 - 99.8% and 74.0 to 99.5%, respectively. Barley varieties showed germination energy and capacity greater than 98%. Sorghum tannin contents ranged from 2.55 mg/100 ml to as high as 100 mg/100 ml while barley varieties had tannin contents of 8.9 to 10.3 mg/100 ml. Two genotypes, SDSA 1x ICSR 43 and SP 993520-1 were the most favorable for brewing.Keywords: Sorghum, starch, protein, tannin, germination energy, malting and brewingAfrican Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 13(2), pp. 313-321, 8 January, 201

Male Perspectives on Incorporating Men into Antenatal HIV Counseling and Testing

Male partner involvement in antenatal voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) has been shown to increase uptake of interventions to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in resource-limited settings. We aimed to identify methods for increasing male involvement in antenatal VCT and determine male correlates of accepting couple counseling in these settings.We invited women presenting to a Nairobi antenatal clinic to return with their male partners for individual or couples VCT. Male attitudes towards VCT and correlates of accompanying female partners to antenatal clinic and receiving couple counseling were determined. Of 1,993 women who invited their partner, 313 (16%) returned with their partners to ANC. Men attending antenatal clinic were married (>99%), employed (98%), and unlikely to report prior HIV testing (14%). Wanting an HIV test (87%) or health information (11%) were the most commonly cited reasons for attending. Most (95%) men who came to antenatal clinic accepted HIV testing and 39% elected to receive counseling as a couple. Men who received counseling with partners were younger, had fewer children, and were less knowledgeable about prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) than those who received counseling individually (p<0.05). Only 27% of men stated they would prefer HIV testing at a site other than the ANC. There was agreement between male and female reports for sociodemographic characteristics; however, men were more likely to report HIV preventive behaviors and health communication within the partnership than their partners (p<0.05).Offering VCT services to men at antenatal clinic with options for couple and individual counseling is an important opportunity and acceptable strategy for increasing male involvement in PMTCT and promoting male HIV testing

Thirty years old lady with nephrotic syndrome: a case of biopsy proven lupus nephritis in Tanzania

We describe a case of a 30 years old female patient who presented with nephrotic syndrome and impaired renal function which was diagnosed to have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with lupus nephritis. This is the first biopsy proven lupus nephritis in Tanzania. SLE is common among females and is reported be more common among Africans as compared to other races. This patient presented with nephrotic syndrome, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion which depicts the multisystem effects of SLE. This patient was treated with cyclophosphamide in combination with steroid as induction therapy and attained remission after one month of treatment. Systemic lupus erythematosus should be considered in patients with nephrotic syndrome and these patients should have renal biopsy to determine renal involvement

The Quintuple Quasar: Radio and Optical Observations

We present results from high-resolution radio and optical observations of PMN J0134-0931, a gravitational lens with a unique radio morphology and an extremely red optical counterpart. Our data support the theory of Keeton & Winn (2003): five of the six observed radio components are multiple images of a single quasar, produced by a pair of lens galaxies. Multi-frequency VLBA maps show that the sixth and faintest component has a different radio spectrum than the others, confirming that it represents a second component of the background source rather than a sixth image. The lens models predict that there should be additional faint images of this second source component, and we find evidence for one of the predicted images. The previously-observed large angular sizes of two of the five bright components are not intrinsic (which would have excluded the possibility that they are lensed images), but are instead due to scatter broadening. Both the extended radio emission observed at low frequencies, and the intrinsic image shapes observed at high frequencies, can be explained by the lens models. The pair of lens galaxies is marginally detected in HST images. The differential extinction of the quasar images suggests that the extreme red color of the quasar is at least partly due to dust in the lens galaxies.Comment: ApJ, in press. 22 pp, 10 fig