Strategic positioning of white oat genotypes in the organic system

The objective of this work was to select, under the Bayesian perspective, white oat genotypes that have high phenotypic adaptability and stability for the organic system. The study was carried out in four different environments Itapúa in Paraguay and Palotina, Candói and Três Passos in Brazil, in the 2019 crop season. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, organized in a 4x7 factorial scheme, with four environments and seven white oat genotypes (URS Taura, URS Corona, URS Brava, URS Altiva, UFPA Ouro, IPR Artemis and IPR Afrodite) arranged in 4 repetitions per environment. The following characters were evaluated: final plant population, plant height, days until flowering, days until maturation, lodging and grain yield. The use of the Bayesian method provides greater accuracy in the selection of white oat genotypes with high phenotypic adaptability and stability. The genotypes URS Brava, IPR Aphrodite and UPFA Ouro are classified as highly adaptable to unfavorable environments. The genotypes IPR Artemis, URS Corona and URS Taura exhibited high adaptability to favorable environments. The URS Brava genotype is the ideal genotype and can be placed in any environments. The characters plant height and days from emergence to flowering can be used in indirect selection for grain productivity

Posicionamento estratégico da soja com base no ideótipo agronômico e nos modelos multivariados fixos e mistos

The objective of this work was to decompose the variations of the genotype × environment interaction through fixed multivariate models, as well as to understand the genetic variations through mixed models, for the estimation and prediction of the genetic value of soybean (Glycine max) genotypes in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Tests were carried out during the 2016/2017, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019 crop seasons in different municipalities in six regions of the state, using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effects + genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) models. The genotypes were also evaluated using an index that allows weighting between mean performance and stability (WAASBY) and by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) models. The used experimental design was randomized complete blocks (18 environments x 12 genotypes), with three replicates. The best performing genotypes in favorable environments are: 'BMX Valente RR', 'BMX Alvo RR', 'NS 5959 IPRO', 'DM 5958RSF IPRO', and 'BMX Ativa RR'. The favorable environments are the 2017/2018 season in the municipality of Bagé and the 2016/2017 season in the municipalities of São Luiz Gonzaga and Cachoeira do Sul, where higher grain yields were obtained. The genotypes that show excellent performance in unfavorable environments are cultivars BMX Ativa RR, DM 5958RSF IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO, and TMG 7262 RR. The 2016/2017 season is considered unfavorable in the municipalities of São Luiz Gonzaga and Cachoeira do Sul. The AMMI, GGE, and WAASBY or BLUP models for genotype selection must be used simultaneously.O objetivo deste trabalho foi decompor as variações da interação genótipo × ambiente por meio de modelos multivariados fixos, bem como entender as variações genéticas por meio de modelos mistos, para estimativa e predição do valor genético de genótipos de soja (Glycine max), no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram realizados testes durante as safras de 2016/2017, 2017/2018 e 2018/2019, em diferentes municípios, em seis regiões do estado, com uso dos modelos de efeitos principais aditivos e interação multiplicativa (AMMI) e de efeitos principais dos genótipos + interação genótipo-ambiente (GGE). Os genótipos também foram avaliados pelo índice que permite ponderar entre estabilidade e desempenho médio (WAASBY) e pelos modelos de máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) e de melhor predição linear não viciada (BLUP). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso (18 ambientes x 12 genótipos), com três repetições. Os genótipos com melhor desempenho em ambientes favoráveis são: 'BMX Valente RR', 'BMX Alvo RR', 'NS 5959 IPRO', 'DM 5958RSF IPRO' e 'BMX Ativa RR'. Os ambientes favoráveis são a safra de 2017/2018 no município de Bagé e de 2016/2017 nos municípios de São Luiz Gonzaga e Cachoeira do Sul, onde obteve-se maior produtividade de grãos. Os genótipos que apresentam excelente desempenho em ambientes desfavoráveis são as cultivares BMX Ativa RR, DM 5958RSF IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO e TMG 7262 RR. A safra de 2016/2017 é considerada desfavorável nos municípios de São Luiz Gonzaga e Cachoeira do Sul. Os modelos de seleção de genótipos AMMI, GGE e WAASBY ou BLUP devem ser usados simultaneamente

Agronomic performance in different segregating soybean progenies

The estimate of variance component and genetic parameters for soybean grain yield in the northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul is 17% due to genetic effects and 83% due to the environment, management, and practices used. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the performance of quantitative and qualitative agronomic characteristics of soybean progenies in segregating generations F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5, as well as the interrelationships of these variables and their benefits in soybean breeding. Field trials were conducted from 2012 to 2020 in Campos Borges, Rio Grande do Sul. The variables that showed the greatest fluctuations during the segregating generations were pod insertion, number of pods on the main stem, number of pods with two seeds, and number of pods with four seeds. Taller plants in the F1 and F3 segregating generations had a greater number of pods with one, two, and three seeds; thus, as the plant size increased, the number of pods increased. As the segregating generations progressed, there was a reduction in the cycle and an increase in the seed mass per plant, consequently tending to be more productive

PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION AND INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF THE AGRONOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AMARANTH SEEDS

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of phosphorus in the growth and development of plants and in the physiological quality of the seeds produced, as well as to identify the interrelationships between the morphological and physiological attributes. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural crop 2016/2017 in Federal University of Pelotas. The experimental design was a randomized block in which the treatments were arranged in five replications. The analysis of variance revealed a significance of 5% probability through the characters, plant height, dry mass of the plant shoot, seed yield, germination and accelerated aging these results demonstrate that these attributes are influenced by the P2O5 doses, in contrast, the chlorophyll index. The Amaranthuscruentus species expresses variability to the morphological attributes, yield components and seed quality produced in relation to the use of phosphate fertilization. Doses comprising 100 to 200 kg ha-1 of P2O5 tend to potentiate plant height, dry biomass accumulation, yield, germination and vigor of the seeds produced. Plants with greater stature and accumulation of biomass increase the proportion of photosynthetic pigments, being these determinants for the production and quality of seeds produced of amaranth in the extreme south of Brazil

Temporal standardization of tumbling and rest in the production of cooked ham / Padronização temporal de tombamento e repouso na produção de presunto cozido

The work aims to evaluate and standardize the times of tumbling and rest of the meat in the processing of cooked ham, seeking to minimize the working time and the reduction in the formation of bubbles, without affecting the quality of the final product. The research was carried out in a meat sausage company, located in the Northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil, following the formulation standards used by the company. The experimental design was randomized blocks (due to the fact that it is a large experiment and does not have control of all variables, carried out in batches and in different periods) organized in a factorial scheme (4 x 5) four times of tumbling x five times of rest, three repetitions. The presence of micro and macrobubbles is directly associated with the time of tumbling and time of rest of the mass. With the increase in tumbling time, the presence of microbubbles on the lateral and bottom surface of the ham increases. The resting time of the mass has a direct influence on the appearance of the ham, with a lower incidence of bubbles both on the side and on the surface of the ham. The shorter tumbling time (200 minutes), allows greater efficiency in the production time in the industry, however, a longer rest time of the mass is necessary. The longer tumbling time (270 minutes), favored the lower incidence of microbubbles when inlaid without rest (0 h), however as the rest time increased, there was an increase in the presence of bubbles. Therefore, to standardize the tumbling time in ham production depends on the industry objective, where the company can choose the process with longer tumbling time and no rest time. However, if the industry aims for efficiency in tumbling, shorter tumbler time may be used, but the rest time should be longer

Inter-relações nutracêuticas canônicas da soja e suas reflexões sobre o melhoramento genético

In recent years, questionings on the behavior of genotypes in different environments are frequent, especially those seeking to disclose the commercial and nutritional value of soybean genotypes. Consequently, this study – which is linked to the IRC Soybean Breeding Program located in Campos Borges, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil – sought to analyze the physiological and nutritional aspects of S5 Soybean Segregating Families. Research design consisted of complete randomized blocks containing 40 soybean genotypes arranged in four repetitions, corresponding to F5 generation genotypes tested in 2018/2019. This generation was obtained via artificial hybridizations of F1s plants carried out in 2014/2015, F2s in 2015/2016, F3 segregating families in 2016/2017 and F4 in 2017/2018. Traits were evaluated by a statistical model, verifying normality and homogeneity of variances. Behavioral explanation of the F5 Soybean Segregating Families was calculated using analysis of variance, grouping of means, and linear and canonical correlation. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p <0.01) for all variables, indicating the existence of genetic variability. F5 Segregating Families IRC8_130 and IRC31_102 show promising results in breeding programs involving physiological and nutritional aspects. Crude protein, crude fiber, first pod insertion height, plant height and number of pods with 4 grains, are dominant and determining characteristics for establishing segregating generations, and can be used in breeding programs.Nos últimos anos foram frequentes os questionamentos sobre o comportamento dos genótipos em diferentes ambientes, sobretudo aqueles que buscam revelar o valor comercial e nutricional dos genótipos de soja. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os aspectos fisiológicos e nutricionais das Famílias Segregantes S5 da soja. Este trabalho está vinculado ao Programa de Melhoramento de Soja do IRC localizado em Campos Borges, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados completos, contendo 40 genótipos de soja dispostos em quatro repetições, correspondentes aos genótipos da geração F5 testados em 2018 e 2019. Esta geração foi obtida por meio de hibridizações artificiais de plantas F1s ocorridas em 2014 e 2015, F2s em 2015 e 2016 e famílias segregantes F3 em 2016 e 2017 e F4 em 2017 e 2018. Os caracteres foram avaliados e submetidos aos pressupostos do modelo estatístico, verificando a normalidade e homogeneidade das variâncias. Análise de variância, agrupamento de médias, correlação linear e canônica foram utilizadas para a explicação comportamental das Famílias Segregantes de Soja F5. A análise de variância revelou diferença significativa (p <0,01) para todas as variáveis, indicando a existência de variabilidade genética. As famílias segregantes da geração F5 IRC8_130 e IRC31_102 são promissoras em programas de melhoramento que envolvem aspectos fisiológicos e nutricionais. As características de proteína bruta, fibra bruta, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, altura de planta e número de vagens com 4 grãos, são dominantes e determinantes para o estabelecimento de gerações segregantes, podendo ser utilizadas em programas de melhoramento

Use and response to phosphorus by potato clones in two cropping systems

The selection of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) that are efficient in the use of phosphorus (P) plays an important role in increasing crop productivity, reducing the cost of production due to the high price of phosphate fertilizers, as well as reducing the pollution of the environment due to the better use of the applied fertilizers. The objective of this work was to compare the method of selection of potato clones for the efficiency of use and response to P between in vitro and off - soil systems with the use of sand as substrate. To that end, potato clones SMIC 148-A, Dakota Rose, SMINIA 793101-3, SMIB 106-7, SMIF 212-3, SMIJ 319-1 and P 150 were cultivated at low and high levels of P in the culture systems in vitro (1,935 and 19,346 mg P L-1) and off-soil (2.32 and 23.2 mg P L-1). The selection of potato clones using only as a criterion the accumulation of P under low nutrient level is not adequate, both in off-soil and in vitro cultivation. Clones selected as being more efficient in the use of P in in vitro cultivation do not prove to be necessarily more efficient in off-soil cultivation. No clone remains in the same classification group regarding the efficiency of use and response to P, based on the production of dry mass, in the two cropping systems

Reflexes and microbiological interrelationships in pork processing and base / Reflexos e inter-relações microbiológicas no processamento e base de carne suína

Brazilian pork production is expanding, due to the evolution of product characteristics, the international inclusion of technological systems and operating procedures. The objective of the work is to evaluate the microbiological quality at different stages of the slaughter of pigs in a slaughterhouse in the Northwest Region of Rio Grande do Sul, to ensure compliance with the sanitary requirements of the importing markets. The research was carried out in a pig slaughterhouse located in the northwest region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, from October 2017 to January 2018, whose daily slaughter is greater than 2,000 animals. Through the results presented, it can be seen that the bleeding stage and before scalding, form the sampling points with the highest incidence of total coliforms. The points with the lowest results identified were the points of the shower passing into a clean area with 0% in all samples followed by the final shower with 33.33% in the average of the three days sampled. The contamination index found during the pig slaughter meets the microbiological limits in force. A high proportion of microorganisms occurred in bleeding in relation to groups of microorganisms, being aerobic mesophiles, E. coli, total coliforms and thermotolerants. 

Métodos de adaptabilidade e estabilidade aplicados ao melhoramento de eucalipto

The objective of this work was to evaluate the consistency of the methods of Annicchiarico, Lin & Binns, Wricke, and factor analysis in identifying eucalyptus clones with stability, adaptability, and high productive potential. Eight‑four clones, with three years of age, from the genetic breeding program of the company CMPC Celulose Riograndense were used. Three field experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design, in an 84x3 factorial arragement, with 20 replicates of one plant per plot. The clones were evaluated as to diameter at breast height, plant height, and volume of wood. The methods of Annicchiarico and Lin & Binns are highly correlated with each other, and their use together with the method of Wricke is a sound strategy for the evaluation of eucalyptus clones. The factor analysis identified broadly adaptable clones, and some of them were the same ones identified by the methods of Annicchiarico and Lin & Binns. The use of the mean classification of the clones, along with the factor analysis, is efficient to identify the most adapted, stable, and productive ones among a high number of genotypes.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a consistência dos métodos de Annicchiarico, Lin & Binns, Wricke e de análise fatorial na identificação de clones de eucalipto com estabilidade, adaptabilidade e alto potencial produtivo. Foram utilizados 84 clones, com três anos de idade, provenientes do programa de melhoramento genético da empresa CMPC Celulose Riograndense. Três experimentos de campo foram realizados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 84x3, com 20 repetições de uma planta por parcela. Os clones foram avaliados quanto a diâmetro à altura do peito, altura da planta e volume de madeira. Os métodos de Annicchiarico e Lin & Binns são altamente correlacionados entre si, e seu uso em conjunto com o método de Wricke é uma estratégia apropriada para avaliação de clones de eucalipto. A análise fatorial identificou clones amplamente adaptáveis, e alguns deles foram os mesmos identificados pelos métodos de Annicchiarico e Lin & Binns. O uso da classificação média dos clones, juntamente com a análise fatorial, é eficiente para identificar os mais adaptados, estáveis e produtivos, entre um elevado número de genótipos