SIMULAZIONE NUMERICA DEL GAP HEATING

simulazione numerica del gap heating tra le piastrelle di ceramica del veicolo HYFLEX mediante il programma DS2G basato sul metodo DSMC al fine di valutare l'andamento nel tempo del flusso di calore che si sviluppa nel gap

Facts, Challenges, Difficulties and Hopes in Single-Cell Biology: Physiopathological Studies

Single-cell approaches are being increasingly used to unravel the many diverse mechanisms underlying biological processes that characterize each cell irrespective of the influx of other cells even within the same tissue. Consequently, the interference of metabolites and nervous stimuli emanating from the circulatory or nervous system in a higher organism like man is avoided. However, while the single-cell approach yields a wealth of data about single-cell metabolism and internal regulatory mechanisms, information about interactions and interrelations among similar or dissimilar cells may remain obscure. Starting from these considerations, here we summarize, without attempting to be exhaustive, some areas in which we think single-cell biological studies could be effective in translational medicine and in other areas of applied sciences. In this short review we describe the facts, challenges and perspectives related to these issues

The GH-IGF-SST system in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological and molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic targets

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Different signalling pathways have been identified to be implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC; among these, GH, IGF and somatostatin (SST) pathways have emerged as some of the major pathways implicated in the development of HCC. Physiologically, GH-IGF-SST system plays a crucial role in liver growth and development since GH induces IGF1 and IGF2 secretion and the expression of their receptors, involved in hepatocytes cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. On the other hand, somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are exclusively present on the biliary tract. Importantly, the GH-IGF-SST system components have been indicated as regulators of hepatocarcinogenesis. Reduction of GH binding affinity to GH receptor, decreased serum IGF1 and increased serum IGF2 production, overexpression of IGF1 receptor, loss of function of IGF2 receptor and appearance of SSTRs are frequently observed in human HCC. In particular, recently, many studies have evaluated the correlation between increased levels of IGF1 receptors and liver diseases and the oncogenic role of IGF2 and its involvement in angiogenesis, migration and, consequently, in tumour progression. SST directly or indirectly influences tumour growth and development through the inhibition of cell proliferation and secretion and induction of apoptosis, even though SST role in hepatocarcinogenesis is still opened to argument. This review addresses the present evidences suggesting a role of the GH-IGF-SST system in the development and progression of HCC, and describes the therapeutic perspectives, based on the targeting of GH-IGF-SST system, which have been hypothesised and experimented in HCC

Non-Invasive Detection of a De Novo Frameshift Variant of STAG2 in a Female Fetus: Escape Genes Influence the Manifestation of X-Linked Diseases in Females

Background: We report on a 20-week-old female fetus with a diaphragmatic hernia and other malformations, all of which appeared after the first-trimester ultrasound. Methods and Results: Whole trio exome sequencing (WES) on cell-free fetal DNA (cff-DNA) revealed a de novo frameshift variant of the X-linked STAG2 gene. Loss-of-function (LoF) STAG2 variants cause either holoprosencephaly (HPE) or Mullegama–Klein–Martinez syndrome (MKMS), are de novo, and only affect females, indicating male lethality. In contrast, missense mutations associate with milder forms of MKMS and follow the classic X-linked recessive inheritance transmitted from healthy mothers to male offspring. STAG2 has been reported to escape X-inactivation, suggesting that disease onset in LoF females is dependent on inadequate dosing for at least some of the transcripts, as is the case with a part of the autosomal dominant diseases. Missense STAG2 variants produce a quantity of transcripts, which, while resulting in a different protein, leads to disease only in hemizygous males. Similar inheritance patterns are described for other escapee genes. Conclusions: This study confirms the advantage of WES on cff-DNA and emphasizes the role of the type of the variant in X-linked disorders

Bone Marrow Edema: Overview of Etiology and Treatment Strategies

➤: Bone marrow edema (BME) is a nonspecific but relevant finding, usually indicating the presence of an underlying pathology. ➤: The gold standard technique for detecting BME is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as it allows for a correct diagnosis to be made, which is extremely important given the heterogeneity of BME-related diseases. ➤: Depending on the severity of painful symptomatology and the MRI evidence, different treatment strategies can be followed: physical modalities, pharmacological options, and surgical therapy

Guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment and management of visceral and renal arteries aneurysms: a joint assessment by the Italian Societies of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (SICVE) and Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM)

: The objective of these Guidelines is to provide recommendations for the classification, indication, treatment and management of patients suffering from aneurysmal pathology of the visceral and renal arteries. The methodology applied was the GRADE-SIGN version, and followed the instructions of the AGREE quality of reporting checklist. Clinical questions, structured according to the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) model, were formulated, and systematic literature reviews were carried out according to them. Selected articles were evaluated through specific methodological checklists. Considered Judgments were compiled for each clinical question in which the characteristics of the body of available evidence were evaluated in order to establish recommendations. Overall, 79 clinical practice recommendations were proposed. Indications for treatment and therapeutic options were discussed for each arterial district, as well as follow-up and medical management, in both candidate patients for conservative therapy and patients who underwent treatment. The recommendations provided by these guidelines simplify and improve decision-making processes and diagnostic-therapeutic pathways of patients with visceral and renal arteries aneurysms. Their widespread use is recommended

Adducts and cyclometallated derivatives of palladium(II) with some 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones: crystal and molecular structure of <i>trans</i>-dichlorobis[7-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one] palladium(II)

The adducts trans-L2PdCl2 (1, L = Diazepam = 7- chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin -2-one; 5, L = Prazepam = 7-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)- 1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) were prepared by reaction of PdCl2 or (PhCN)2PdCl2 with Diazepam and Prazepam, respectively. In the adducts, the benzodiazepines act as monodentate ligands through the 4-nitrogen atom, as shown by the structure of compound 5, determined by X-ray diffraction. Two crystalline modifications have been characterized: 5a, trans-(Prazepam)2PdCl2/CHCl3 1/1, monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 11.996(4), b = 13.678(5), c = 12.717(3) Å, β = 98.83(2), Z = 2, R = 0.032; 5b, trans-(Prazepam)2PdCl2/CH2Cl2 1/1, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 14.074(3), b = 14.622(7), c = 19.360(10) Å, β = 100.04(3), Z = 4, R = 0.076. Cyclometallated derivatives [(L---H)PdCl]2, 2, L = Diazepam and 6, L = Prazepam, involving both C- and N-intramolecular coordination of the deprotonated ligands, have been obtained by reaction with Na2[PdCl4] in ethanol solution. In the dimeric species 2 and 6, the halide-bridge is easily split by reaction with Ph3P or Tl(acac), to give [(L---H)•(Ph3P)PdCl], (3, 7) and [(L---H)Pd(acac)] (4, 8) respectively