L'évolution du droit en matière maritime vue au travers des conventions récentes

The evolution of maritime law through the recent conventions The ship is not only a means of transport but also a subject of law. Sea transport underwent profound changes at the time when the international conventions which govern it were modified. The judicial context was altered for political reasons (the dominating influence of developing countries in international organizations) and economic ones : sea transport is integrated into global economic development which closely links it to other means of transport. Lastly, mentalities are changing. Now, the ship is thought to have responsibili¬ ties with regard to the sea and to the land, because of pollution risks, for instance. There is a trend towards harmonizing law for all means of transport and this is one of the conditions for the development of multimodal transport. The responsibilities of the shipowner which were formerly defined in a precise way still exist but special regulations tend to multiply them. If maritime law has its constants, it is also true that it searches for an identity.Le navire n'est pas seulement un moyen de transport mais un sujet de droit. En même temps que le transport maritime connaissait de profonds changements, les conventions internationales qui le régissent se modifiaient. Le con texte juridique s'est transformé pour des raisons politiques (influence prépondérante des pays en voie de développement dans les organismes internationaux) et économiques : le transport maritime est intégré au développement économique global qui le lie étroitement aux autres modes de transport. Enfin les mentalités changent ; on considère désormais que le navire a des responsabilités à l'égard du domaine marin et terrestre, en raison des risques de pollution, par exemple. Le droit de tous les types de transport a tendance à s'harmoniser. C'est une des conditions du développement du transport multimodal. Les responsabilités du propriétaire de navire définies de façon étroite autrefois subsistent mais les régimes spéciaux tendent à les multiplier. Si le droit maritime a des constantes, il est vrai aussi qu'il se cherche.Odier Françoise. L'évolution du droit en matière maritime vue au travers des conventions récentes. In: Cahiers de sociologie économique et culturelle, n°2, 1984. pp. 125-135

Le Code de conduite des Conférences maritimes

Odier Françoise. Le Code de conduite des Conférences maritimes. In: Annuaire français de droit international, volume 25, 1979. pp. 686-692

«... je vous fais une lettre» Retrouver dans les archives la parole et le vécu des personnes internées = Die Stimme der internierten Personen in den Archiven

Les personnes internées par décision administrative nous ont laissé des témoignages personnels: procès-verbaux d'audition, récits de vie, lettres retrouvées dans les dossiers et qui ne sont jamais parvenues à leurs destinataires. L'examen de ces documents révèle les effets destructeurs de l'internement: problèmes de santé, perte des capacités de travail, dissolution des liens familiaux et sociaux et stigmatisation accrue. Des effets contraires aux objectifs qui légitimaient l'internement administratif: protéger la société, mais aussi rééduquer et réinsérer ces personnes. Administrativ versorgte Menschen haben Selbstzeugnisse hinterlassen: Einvernahmeprotokolle, Lebensberichte, Briefe, die in den Akten abgelegt sind und ihre Adressaten nie erreicht haben. Die Untersuchung dieser Dokumente zeigt die destruktiven Wirkungen der Internierung auf: gesundheitliche Probleme, Verlust beruflicher Qualifikationen, Auflösung der familiären Bande und sozialer Beziehungen überhaupt, starke Stigmatisierung. Diese Wirkungen stehen im Gegensatz zur Legitimierung der Internierung, der Hinführung zur wirtschaftlichen Selbständigkeit und zur gesellschaftlichen Wiedereingliederung. Molte persone internate amministrativamente hanno lasciato scritture personali: verbali d'interrogatorio, biografie, lettere archiviate senza aver mai raggiunto i destinatari. Lo studio di questi documenti mostra gli effetti distruttivi dell'internamento: problemi di salute, declassamento professionale, disfacimento dei legami familiari e delle relazioni sociali, forte stigmatizzazione. Effetti che contrastano con gli argomenti usati per legittimare l'internamento: il raggiungimento dell'indipendenza economica e il reinserimento nella società

«... so wird man ins Loch geworfen». Quellen zur Geschichte der administrativen Versorgung = Histoire de l'internement administratif: sources = Storia dell'internamento amministrativo: fonti

Die administrative Versorgung war von einer Zuchthausstrafe oft nur dadurch zu unterscheiden, dass sie von Behörden ohne ordentliches Gerichtsverfahren verfügt und nach Ermessen verlängert werden konnte. In Briefen an Behörden und Verwandte protestierten die administrativ Entrechteten gegen ihre Behandlung, Presseberichte und Lebenserinnerungen schildern die Entbehrungen und Schikanen, die sie erlitten. Ihrer Stimme gibt der Quellenband der UEK besonderes Gewicht. Die Quellen sind mit Kommentaren zum sozialen Umfeld und zur Zeitgeschichte versehen. L'internement administratif se différenciait souvent d'une peine de prison uniquement en ce qu'il pouvait être imposé sans procédure judiciaire ordinaire par les autorités et prolongé à leur discrétion. Dans des lettres adressées à l'administration et à leurs familles, les personnes privées de leurs droits sur simple décision administrative ont protesté contre leur traitement, tandis que la presse et leurs souvenirs personnels font état des privations et du harcèlement dont elles ont été victimes. Leur voix donne un poids particulier à ce tome, qui présente certaines sources sur lesquelles la CIE s'est appuyée en les enrichissant de commentaires sur le contexte social et historique de l'époque. L'internamento amministrativo spesso si distingueva dalla reclusione in carcere solo perché poteva essere disposto dalle autorità senza un regolare procedimento giudiziario, e poteva essere prolungato a loro discrezione. Le persone così private dei propri diritti protestavano contro il trattamento loro riservato indirizzando lettere ad autorità e parenti; notizie di stampa e memorie descrivono le privazioni e le angherie che dovettero sopportare. Il volume sulle fonti della CPI Internamenti amministrativi dà particolare importanza alla loro voce. Le fonti sono corredate di commenti sull'ambiente sociale e sulla storia contemporanea

Effect of general anaesthesia on functional outcome in patients with anterior circulation ischaemic stroke having endovascular thrombectomy versus standard care: a meta-analysis of individual patient data

Background: General anaesthesia (GA) during endovascular thrombectomy has been associated with worse patient outcomes in observational studies compared with patients treated without GA. We assessed functional outcome in ischaemic stroke patients with large vessel anterior circulation occlusion undergoing endovascular thrombectomy under GA, versus thrombectomy not under GA (with or without sedation) versus standard care (ie, no thrombectomy), stratified by the use of GA versus standard care. Methods: For this meta-analysis, patient-level data were pooled from all patients included in randomised trials in PuMed published between Jan 1, 2010, and May 31, 2017, that compared endovascular thrombectomy predominantly done with stent retrievers with standard care in anterior circulation ischaemic stroke patients (HERMES Collaboration). The primary outcome was functional outcome assessed by ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days in the GA and non-GA subgroups of patients treated with endovascular therapy versus those patients treated with standard care, adjusted for baseline prognostic variables. To account for between-trial variance we used mixed-effects modelling with a random effect for trials incorporated in all models. Bias was assessed using the Cochrane method. The meta-analysis was prospectively designed, but not registered. Findings: Seven trials were identified by our search; of 1764 patients included in these trials, 871 were allocated to endovascular thrombectomy and 893 were assigned standard care. After exclusion of 74 patients (72 did not undergo the procedure and two had missing data on anaesthetic strategy), 236 (30%) of 797 patients who had endovascular procedures were treated under GA. At baseline, patients receiving GA were younger and had a shorter delay between stroke onset and randomisation but they had similar pre-treatment clinical severity compared with patients who did not have GA. Endovascular thrombectomy improved functional outcome at 3 months both in patients who had GA (adjusted common odds ratio (cOR) 1·52, 95% CI 1·09–2·11, p=0·014) and in those who did not have GA (adjusted cOR 2·33, 95% CI 1·75–3·10, p<0·0001) versus standard care. However, outcomes were significantly better for patients who did not receive GA versus those who received GA (covariate-adjusted cOR 1·53, 95% CI 1·14–2·04, p=0·0044). The risk of bias and variability between studies was assessed to be low. Interpretation: Worse outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy were associated with GA, after adjustment for baseline prognostic variables. These data support avoidance of GA whenever possible. The procedure did, however, remain effective versus standard care in patients treated under GA, indicating that treatment should not be withheld in those who require anaesthesia for medical reasons