A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Interleukin-7 induces apoptosis of 697 pre-B cells expressing dominant-negative forms of STAT5: evidence for caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms

International audienceThe transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B (STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription) play a major role in the signaling events elicited by a number of growth factor and cytokine receptors. In this work, we aimed to investigate the role of STAT5 in human precursor B cell survival by introducing dominant-negative (DN) forms of STAT5A or STAT5B in the 697 pre-B cell line. All clones expressing DN forms of either transcription factor exhibited a higher spontaneous apoptotic rate that was massively enhanced upon interleukin-7 (IL-7) stimulation. This was associated with caspase 8 cleavage, mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption and caspase 3 activation. However, the DN forms of STAT5 did not alter the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-x, Bim, A1 and Mcl1 proteins in IL-7-stimulated cells. The pancaspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromylmethyl ketone partially suppressed IL-7-mediated mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption and cell death, suggesting that IL-7 induced the death of DN STAT5 expressing 697 cells through caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms that both require mitochondrial activation

Clinically Relevant Interpretation of Genotype and Relationship to Plasma Drug Concentrations for Resistance to Saquinavir-Ritonavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients

It has been shown that virological protease inhibitor (PI) resistance mutations present at the initiation of saquinavir (SQV) plus ritonavir (RTV) therapy in PI-experienced patients are the strongest predictors of virological response. But most of the current resistance algorithms are adapted for unboosted SQV regimens. We applied a stepwise methodology for the development and validation of a clinically relevant genotypic resistance score for an SQV (800 mg twice per day [b.i.d.]) plus RTV (100 mg b.i.d.)-containing regimen. PI-experienced patients treated by this regimen achieved a human immunodeficiency virus plasma viral load (VL) of <200 copies/ml at months 3 to 5 for 41.7% of subjects. Adjusted in a multivariate analysis, taking into account all the confounding factors, such as the nucleoside used, five mutations were combined in a resistance score associated with a reduced virological response to an SQV-plus-RTV regimen: L24I, I62V, V82A/F/T/S, I84V, and L90IM. Patients with isolates harboring 0 to 1 mutation among the score achieved −2.20 log(10) and −1.23 log(10) copies/ml of VL reduction, respectively, while it was −0.27 log(10) copies/ml for those with at least two mutations, classifying the isolates as “no evidence of resistance” (0 or 1 mutation) or “resistance ” (≥2 mutations). The minimum concentration in plasma (C(min)) of SQV alone was not associated with the virological response. However, the combination of the SQV C(min) and the genotypic score, expressed as the genotypic inhibitory quotient, was predictive of the virological response, suggesting that the interpretation of SQV concentrations in plasma should be done only in the context of the resistance index provided by viral genotype for PI-experienced patients

Compétition et performance

N° spécial regroupant des articles courts sur le thème de la compétition et de la performance : Course à la performance dans les stades ; Dieux du stade ou ''rats'' de laboratoires ; Dopage : l'affaire du THG ; La performance passe aussi par la peau ; Performance ''zéro danger au volant'' ; Quatre sens en action ; une ''photographie'' scientifique du mouvement humain ; De la spectroscopie RMN au contre la montre de l'Alpe d'Huez ; Pôle position : les pilotes conduisent aussi avec la tête ; Le bobsleigh ou la Formule 1 de la glace ; Et vogue la planche à voile ; Du class America à l'aviron, exercice de style pour hydrodynamiciens ; L'arthrose et le sportif ; Le vocabulaire des sports ; Sportifs de haut niveau : élite sociale mais pas culturelle ; Performances et espaces nationaux ; radioscopie des courses sur route ; L'inéluctable professionnalisation ; Du lien entre vigilance et performances chez l'être humain ; Bien s'extirper des bras de Morphée ; Le travail de nuit nuit-il à la santé ; Dormir ou conduire, il faut choisir ; Univers du sport et monde du travail , un oxymore ; Compétition et performance : quels enjeux ; Les performances dans le monde de l'entreprise ; RTT congés maladie, les maux de la performance ; Mental ou physique : les moteurs de la performance sportiv