68 research outputs found

    Total Evidence, Average Consensus and Matrix Representation with Parsimony: What a Difference Distances Make

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    Matrix representation with parsimony (MRP) can be used to combine trees in the supertree or the consensus settings. However, despite its popularity, it is still unclear whether MRP is really a consensus method or whether it behaves more like the total evidence approach. Previous simulations have shown that it approximates total evidence trees, whereas other studies have depicted similarities with average consensus trees. In this paper, we assess the hypothesis that MRP is equally related to both approaches. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the accuracy of total evidence with that or various consensus methods, including MRP. Our results show that the total evidence trees are not significantly more accurate than average consensus trees that accounts for branch lengths, but that both perform better than MRP trees in the consensus setting. The accuracy rate of all methods was similarly affected by the number of taxa, the number of partitions, and the heterogeneity of the data

    La choréogénétique, ou, L'art de faire danser l'ADN

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    Ce projet de recherche-crĂ©ation tient du postulat qu'il est possible de composer des chorĂ©graphies en l'absence du chorĂ©graphe. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, je propose dans ma thĂšse de simuler le processus de composition chorĂ©graphique en Ă©vacuant tout choix subjectif de la part du chorĂ©graphe. La chorĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tique, c'est l'approche expĂ©rimentale qui me permet de rĂ©pondre Ă  cet objectif thĂ©orique. L'ADN, c'est le substrat molĂ©culaire qui me permet pratiquement de remplacer la partition chorĂ©graphique. Deux questions principales motivent mes travaux de recherche doctorale : comment faire danser l'ADN et pourquoi faire danser l'ADN. La premiĂšre question fait rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă  l'aspect scientifique de ma dĂ©marche, tandis que la seconde fait appel Ă  des considĂ©rations d'ordre artistique. L'ensemble de ma thĂšse s'inscrit au sein de ce dualisme philosophique : le comment du pourquoi, l'objectif et le subjectif, le quantitatif et le qualitatif. À l'interface des paradigmes de l'art et de la science, ma pratique hybride participe de la rencontre entre ces deux champs de la connaissance. Le chorĂ©graphe est un mutagĂšne sĂ©lectif. Ma dĂ©marche artistique repose sur cette dĂ©finition toute simple qui fait office d'hypothĂšse et de prĂ©diction Ă  la fois. Pour ĂȘtre Ă  mĂȘme de mettre Ă  l'Ă©preuve la validitĂ© de cette hypothĂšse, j'adopte dans le cadre de ma thĂšse une approche exploratoire; un aller-retour perpĂ©tuel entre la thĂ©orie et la pratique. Par l'entremise de la mĂ©thode expĂ©rimentale, j'Ă©value mon hypothĂšse selon diffĂ©rents critĂšres de composition chorĂ©graphique et sous diffĂ©rentes conditions de reprĂ©sentation. Je prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats de six expĂ©rimentations chorĂ©graphiques rĂ©alisĂ©es dans le contexte prĂ©cis de ma thĂšse crĂ©ation. Pour certaines Ɠuvres, le chorĂ©graphe est remplacĂ© par un algorithme gĂ©nĂ©tique qui simule in silico des sĂ©quences de mouvements. Pour d'autres, c'est la molĂ©cule d'ADN que j'utilise in vitro pour gĂ©nĂ©rer des partitions chorĂ©graphiques. Dans tous les cas, l'Ɠuvre chorĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tique dĂ©coule des mutations de sĂ©quences de mouvements soumises Ă  la sĂ©lection naturelle. Dans tous les cas, c'est un mutagĂšne sĂ©lectif distinct qui prĂ©side Ă  la composition. J'analyse les diffĂ©rences et les similitudes entre ces expĂ©rimentations sur la base de critĂšres quantitatifs et qualitatifs. En prenant forme dans l'espace public, mes performances convoquent diffĂ©rents rapports du corps dansant avec l'espace-temps. Divers types de relation au lieu modulent les conditions de reprĂ©sentation de l'Ɠuvre, tandis que la durĂ©e des performances affecte tout autant le danseur que le spectateur. J'aborde Ă©galement les rapports au corps du danseur dans une perspective gĂ©nĂ©tique et phĂ©nomĂ©nologique. Finalement, le rapport au public s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'esthĂ©tique relationnelle. J'accorde une importance toute particuliĂšre Ă  la fonction pĂ©dagogique de ma pratique et je discute du rĂŽle du mĂ©diateur qui incite Ă  la rencontre du spectateur. J'analyse mes diffĂ©rentes expĂ©rimentations en fonction de plusieurs critĂšres d'Ă©valuation de l'art. Je me demande si l'expĂ©rimentation chorĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tique est une Ɠuvre d'art, une expĂ©rience scientifique ou les deux. À l'aide des notions gĂ©nĂ©rique, gĂ©nĂ©tique, intentionnelle, attentionnelle et institutionnelle de l'Ɠuvre d'art, je pose un regard critique sur mon travail. Face aux critiques Ă©pistĂ©mologiques de ma dĂ©marche, j'offre une rĂ©ponse qui tient d'une sociologie de la transgression en art contemporain. Dans quelles conditions l'art et la science peuvent-elles cohabiter? Cette question fondamentale tisse la trame de fond de ma recherche-crĂ©ation. À la recherche d'un langage commun, l'expĂ©rimentation prĂ©sente une solution mĂ©thodologique Ă  la rencontre de ces deux solitudes. De l'interdisciplinaritĂ© Ă  la transdisciplinaritĂ© et Ă  la paradisciplinaritĂ©, je revendique nĂ©anmoins le droit de pratiquer l'art et la science en parallĂšle : ni l'un, ni l'autre, mais les deux. À l'interface de la danse et de la gĂ©nĂ©tique, ma recherche parle Ă©galement d'art combinatoire, d'art biotechnologique, d'art gĂ©nĂ©ratif, d'art corporel, d'art contextuel, d'art relationnel, d'art conceptuel et de performance. OĂč me classer? Mon travail polymorphe s'apparente au corps protĂ©iforme de l'amibe, en constante transformation, en mutation pour s'adapter Ă  son environnement. Mon travail participe, tant dans le fond que dans la forme, de cette Ă©volution crĂ©atrice. Pour terminer, je fais un retour sur l'hypothĂšse qui m'a permis de rĂ©aliser cette recherche-crĂ©ation. J'offre en guise de conclusion une nouvelle hypothĂšse qui gĂ©nĂ©ralise le mutagĂšne sĂ©lectif Ă  l'ensemble des pratiques artistiques.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Art combinatoire, Art contextuel, Art corporel, Art gĂ©nĂ©ratif, Art gĂ©nĂ©tique, Bioart, Danse, Performance, Scienc

    A new effective method for estimating missing values in the sequence data prior to phylogenetic analysis

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    In this article we address the problem of phylogenetic inference from nucleic acid data containing missing bases. We introduce a new effective approach, called “Probabilistic estimation of missing values” (PEMV), allowing one to estimate unknown nucleotides prior to computing the evolutionary distances between them. We show that the new method improves the accuracy of phylogenetic inference compared to the existing methods “Ignoring Missing Sites” (IMS), “Proportional Distribution of Missing and Ambiguous Bases” (PDMAB) included in the PAUP software [26]. The proposed strategy for estimating missing nucleotides is based on probabilistic formulae developed in the framework of the Jukes-Cantor [10] and Kimura 2-parameter [11] models. The relative performances of the new method were assessed through simulations carried out with the SeqGen program [20], for data generation, and the Bio NJ method [7], for inferring phylogenies. We also compared the new method to the DNAML program [5] and “Matrix Representation using Parsimony” (MRP) [13], [19] considering an example of 66 eutherian mammals originally analyzed in [17]

    A new effective method for estimating missing values\ud in the sequence data prior to phylogenetic analysis

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    In this article we address the problem of phylogenetic inference from nucleic acid data containing missing bases. We introduce a new effective approach, called “Probabilistic estimation of missing values” (PEMV), allowing one to estimate unknown nucleotides prior to computing the evolutionary distances between them. We show that the new method improves the accuracy of phylogenetic inference compared to the existing methods “Ignoring Missing Sites” (IMS), “Proportional Distribution of Missing and Ambiguous Bases” (PDMAB) included in the PAUP software [26]. The proposed strategy for estimating missing nucleotides is based on probabilistic formulae developed in the framework of the Jukes-Cantor [10] and Kimura 2-parameter [11] models. The relative performances of the new method were assessed through simulations carried out with the SeqGen program [20], for data generation, and the BioNJ method [7], for inferring phylogenies. We also compared the new method to the DNAML program [5] and “Matrix Representation using Parsimony” (MRP) [13], [19] considering an example of 66 eutherian mammals originally analyzed in [17]

    Developing a toolkit for promoting responsible conduct in research-creation

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    Cette affiche présente les travaux liés à la Trousse sur la conduite responsable en recherche-création, disponible sur Papyrus

    BRIDES: A New Fast Algorithm and Software for Characterizing Evolving Similarity Networks Using Breakthroughs, Roadblocks, Impasses, Detours, Equals and Shortcuts

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    International audienceVarious types of genome and gene similarity networks along with their characteristics have been increasingly used for retracing different kinds of evolutionary and ecological relationships. Here, we present a new polynomial time algorithm and the corresponding software (BRIDES) to provide characterization of different types of paths existing in evolving (or augmented) similarity networks under the constraint that such paths contain at least one node that was not present in the original network. These different paths are denoted as Breakthroughs , Roadblocks, Impasses, Detours, Equal paths, and Shortcuts. The analysis of their distribution can allow discriminating among different evolutionary hypotheses concerning genomes or genes at hand. Our approach is based on an original application of the popular shortest path Dijkstra's and Yen's algorithms

    Weighted bootstrapping: a correction method for assessing the robustness of phylogenetic trees

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Non-parametric bootstrapping is a widely-used statistical procedure for assessing confidence of model parameters based on the empirical distribution of the observed data <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B1">1</abbr></abbrgrp> and, as such, it has become a common method for assessing tree confidence in phylogenetics <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B2">2</abbr></abbrgrp>. Traditional non-parametric bootstrapping does not weigh each tree inferred from resampled (i.e., pseudo-replicated) sequences. Hence, the <it>quality </it>of these trees is not taken into account when computing bootstrap scores associated with the clades of the original phylogeny. As a consequence, traditionally, the trees with different bootstrap support or those providing a different fit to the corresponding pseudo-replicated sequences (the fit quality can be expressed through the LS, ML or parsimony score) contribute in the same way to the computation of the bootstrap support of the original phylogeny.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this article, we discuss the idea of applying weighted bootstrapping to phylogenetic reconstruction by weighting each phylogeny inferred from resampled sequences. Tree weights can be based either on the least-squares (LS) tree estimate or on the average secondary bootstrap score (SBS) associated with each resampled tree. <it>Secondary bootstrapping </it>consists of the estimation of bootstrap scores of the trees inferred from resampled data. The LS and SBS-based bootstrapping procedures were designed to take into account the quality of each "pseudo-replicated" phylogeny in the final tree estimation. A simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performances of the five weighting strategies which are as follows: LS and SBS-based bootstrapping, LS and SBS-based bootstrapping with data normalization and the traditional unweighted bootstrapping.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The simulations conducted with two real data sets and the five weighting strategies suggest that the SBS-based bootstrapping with the data normalization usually exhibits larger bootstrap scores and a higher robustness compared to the four other competing strategies, including the traditional bootstrapping. The high robustness of the normalized SBS could be particularly useful in situations where observed sequences have been affected by noise or have undergone massive insertion or deletion events. The results provided by the four other strategies were very similar regardless the noise level, thus also demonstrating the stability of the traditional bootstrapping method.</p

    Responsible Conduct of Research in Research-Creation: Moving into Uncharted Terrain

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    Responsible conduct of research (RCR) is ubiquitous, and present in most areas of research. One area that has received little attention is Research-Creation (RC): ‱ an emergent eld at the interface of academic research and creative activities ‱ in Quebec, Canada, RC is de ned as “research activities or approaches that foster the creation or interpretation/ performance of literary or artistic works of all types” Researcher-Creators – who are at the same time researchers and practising artists, musicians, or designers – may be faced with very di erent issues or challenges from colleagues in the rest of academia. ‱ How do researcher-creators reconcile their dual obligations to creation and to research? ‱ Are the usual research ethics guidelines (e.g., TCPS2, ICH relevant and how do they apply? ‱ How do the creative/artistic dimensions of research a ect evaluations by grant committees and REBs? To better understand how RCR issues are articulated in the very heterogeneous RC community, we combine here results from a literature review and an international survey on RCR in RC.FRQ Action concertĂ©

    Je touche, donc je suis

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