Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Deriva simulada do glyphosate em cultivares de café Acaiá e Catucaí

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da deriva simulada de glyphosate sobre o crescimento inicial de dois cultivares de café de crescimento distinto. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2x5. No primeiro fator foram alocados os cultivares e, no segundo, as subdoses do glyphosate (0, 57,6; 115,2; 230,4; e 460,8 g ha-1). No dia da aplicação e também aos 45 e 120 dias após aplicação (DAA), avaliaram-se a altura, a área foliar, o diâmetro do caule, o número de ramos plagiotrópicos e de folhas; aos 10, 45 e 120 DAA foram avaliados os sintomas de intoxicação nas plantas e, aos 120 DAA, o acúmulo de massa seca de caule, folhas e raízes. Os sintomas de intoxicação nas plantas de café causados pelo glyphosate foram caracterizados por clorose e estreitamento do limbo foliar nos dois cultivares estudados. Todavia, sintomas mais severos foram verificados no cultivar Acaiá a partir de 10 DAA, como necrose de folhas mais novas da parte mediana da planta. Conclui-se que o cultivar Acaiá é menos tolerante ao glyphosate, quando comparado ao Catucaí, pois apresentou menor crescimento que o Catucaí quando submetidos ao tratamento com o herbicida, ou seja, pode ocorrer tolerância diferencial entre cultivares de crescimento distinto.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of simulated glyphosate drift on the growth of two cultivars with distinct growing patterns. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four repetitions, and the treatments were distributed in a factorial scheme 2x5, with two cultivars in the first factor and the glyphosate subdoses (0, 57.6; 115.2; 230.4 and 460.8 g ha‑1) in the second factor. On the day glyphosate was applied and at 45 and 120 days after application (DAA), height, leaf area, stem diameter, and number of plagiotropic branches and leaves were evaluated; at 10, 45 and 120 DAA, plant intoxication symptoms were visually evaluated and at 120 DAA, dry mass accumulation of the stem, leaves, and roots was evaluated. The intoxication symptoms of the coffee plants caused by glyphosate were characterized by chlorosis and leaf narrowing in the two cultivars studied. However, more severe symptoms were verified in the Acaiá cultivars from 10 DAA on, such as necrosis of younger leaves in the median part of the plant. It was concluded that Acaiá cultivar is less tolerant to glyphosate than Catucaí cultivar, since it showed lower growth when submitted to herbicide treatment, i.e., tolerance can vary between cultivars with distinct growing patterns

Deriva simulada do glyphosate em cultivares de café Acaiá e Catucaí Simulated glyphosate drift on Acaiá and Catucaí coffee cultivars

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da deriva simulada de glyphosate sobre o crescimento inicial de dois cultivares de café de crescimento distinto. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2x5. No primeiro fator foram alocados os cultivares e, no segundo, as subdoses do glyphosate (0, 57,6; 115,2; 230,4; e 460,8 g ha-1). No dia da aplicação e também aos 45 e 120 dias após aplicação (DAA), avaliaram-se a altura, a área foliar, o diâmetro do caule, o número de ramos plagiotrópicos e de folhas; aos 10, 45 e 120 DAA foram avaliados os sintomas de intoxicação nas plantas e, aos 120 DAA, o acúmulo de massa seca de caule, folhas e raízes. Os sintomas de intoxicação nas plantas de café causados pelo glyphosate foram caracterizados por clorose e estreitamento do limbo foliar nos dois cultivares estudados. Todavia, sintomas mais severos foram verificados no cultivar Acaiá a partir de 10 DAA, como necrose de folhas mais novas da parte mediana da planta. Conclui-se que o cultivar Acaiá é menos tolerante ao glyphosate, quando comparado ao Catucaí, pois apresentou menor crescimento que o Catucaí quando submetidos ao tratamento com o herbicida, ou seja, pode ocorrer tolerância diferencial entre cultivares de crescimento distinto.<br>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of simulated glyphosate drift on the growth of two cultivars with distinct growing patterns. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four repetitions, and the treatments were distributed in a factorial scheme 2x5, with two cultivars in the first factor and the glyphosate subdoses (0, 57.6; 115.2; 230.4 and 460.8 g ha&#8209;1) in the second factor. On the day glyphosate was applied and at 45 and 120 days after application (DAA), height, leaf area, stem diameter, and number of plagiotropic branches and leaves were evaluated; at 10, 45 and 120 DAA, plant intoxication symptoms were visually evaluated and at 120 DAA, dry mass accumulation of the stem, leaves, and roots was evaluated. The intoxication symptoms of the coffee plants caused by glyphosate were characterized by chlorosis and leaf narrowing in the two cultivars studied. However, more severe symptoms were verified in the Acaiá cultivars from 10 DAA on, such as necrosis of younger leaves in the median part of the plant. It was concluded that Acaiá cultivar is less tolerant to glyphosate than Catucaí cultivar, since it showed lower growth when submitted to herbicide treatment, i.e., tolerance can vary between cultivars with distinct growing patterns

Glyphosate drift affects arbuscular mycorrhizal association in coffee

Mycorrhizal association promotes better survival and nutrition of colonized seedling on field, and consequently, increasing of productivity. However, the weed management can interfere on this association, due to incorrect use of glyphosate. This work has assessed the effects of glyphosate drift on the growth and nutrition of arabica coffee plants (Catuaí Vermelho - IAC 99) colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The experiment was conducted in 2 x 5 factorial scheme, and included inoculated and non-inoculated plants, and five glyphosate subdoses (0.0, 57.6, 115.2, 230.4, and 460.8 g ha-1 of glyphosate), in randomized blocks with five replication. The inoculation was carried during the greenhouse phase of seedlings production with a mixture of Rhizophagus clarus and Gigaspora margarita, and after to transplanting, when the plants had seven pairs of leaves, glyphosate subdoses were applied. The product caused intoxication in up to 60&#37; of non-inoculated and 45&#37; on inoculated plants, when the highest dose of 460.8 g a.e. ha-1 was applied. A negative effect was noted on the growth and phosphorus content of coffee plants, this effect increased depending on glyphosate subdose, but regardless of inoculation. Glyphosate drift reduces the growth and nutrition of plants colonized by species of AMF and native fungi, negatively affecting root colonization of plants treated

Seletividade de herbicidas pós-emergentes na cultura da mandioca

A resposta da mandioca à aplicação de herbicidas varia desde a total seletividade até o completo comprometimento da produção devido à intoxicação provocada. Desse modo, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência na mandioca. Para isso, foi conduzido experimento em casa de vegetação, em blocos casualizados com 23 tratamentos (22 herbicidas + testemunha), em quatro repetições. Os herbicidas foram aplicados 60 dias após a brotação da mandioca, quando as plantas apresentavam cerca de 15 folhas completamente expandidas. Avaliou-se semanalmente a toxicidade das plantas e, aos 35 dias após a aplicação, elas foram coletadas para determinação da matéria seca. Os sintomas mais visíveis de intoxicação da mandioca ocorreram 21 dias depois da aplicação, para a maioria dos produtos testados. Ao final do período de avaliação, a mandioca apresentava sinais de recuperação dos danos visuais provocados pelos herbicidas tóxicos à cultura. Ametryn, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium, atrazine, diuron + hexazinone e sulfentrazone provocaram as maiores reduções de matéria seca e causaram os maiores danos visíveis; de modo contrário, bentazon, fluazifop-p-butil, mesotrione e tembotrione foram os menos tóxicos à cultura. Constataram-se diferentes níveis de seletividade dos herbicidas à cultura, sendo bentazon, fluazifop-p-butil, mesotrione e tembotrione os herbicidas considerados seletivos para uso em programas de manejo de plantas daninhas