264 research outputs found
The submarine volcano eruption off El Hierro island:effects on the scattering migrants and the evolution of the pelagic communities
Emissions of Fe(II) and its kinetic of oxidation at Tagoro submarine volcano, El Hierro
The eruptive process that took place in October 2011 in the submarine volcano Tagoro off the Island of El Hierro
and the subsequent degasification stage, five months later, have increased the concentration of TdFe(II) (Total
dissolved iron(II)) in thewaters nearest to the volcanic edifice. In order to detect any variation in concentrations
of TdFe(II) due to hydrothermal emissions, three cruiseswere carried out two years after the eruptive process in
October 2013,March 2014 andMay 2015. The results fromthese cruises confirmed important positive anomalies
in TdFe(II), which coincided with negatives anomalies in pHF,is (pH in free scale, at in situ conditions) located in
the proximity of themain cone. Maximumvalues in TdFe(II) both at the surface, associated to chlorophyll a maximum,
and at the sea bottom, were also observed, showing the important influence of organic complexation and
particle re-suspension processes. Temporal variability studies were carried out over periods ranging from hours
to days in the stations located over themain and two secondary cones in the volcanic edifice with positive anomalies
in TdFe(II) concentrations and negative anomalies in pHF,is values. Observations showed an important variability
in both pHF,is and TdFe(II) concentrations, which indicated the volcanic area was affected by a
degasification process that remained in the volcano after the eruptive phase had ceased. Fe(II) oxidation kinetic
studies were also undertaken in order to analyze the effects of the seawater properties in the proximities of the
volcano on the oxidation rate constants and t1/2 (half-life time) of ferrous iron. The increased TdFe(II) concentrations
and the low associated pHF,is values acted as an important fertilization event in the seawater around the
Tagoro volcano at the Island of El Hierro providing optimal conditions for the regeneration of the area.En prens
Using Argo data to investigate the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the North Atlantic
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 57 (2010): 29-36, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.003.Using a variety of oceanographic data, including direct volume transports in the Florida
19 Strait, and Argo float profiles and drift velocities at 24 and 36N in the North Atlantic, inverse
calculations are presented in which the net meridional transport, 20 down to a depth of
approximately 1600 m, is estimated at both latitudes for a five year period 2003-2007. The
upper ocean is divided into 7 layers using neutral density, and mass conservation constraints
have been applied to a closed box bounded by these latitudes, including the Florida Strait.
Ekman layer transports have been included in the top-most layer, and the inverse
calculation has solved for changes from the initial reference velocities, Ekman and Florida
Strait transports, given a priori estimates on the accuracy of each of these quantities.
Solutions with and without transformations due to Mediterranean Water (MW) formation
are made. Our results indicate that 1) time-averaged transport estimates derived from Argo
have significant less eddy noise than individual hydrographic sections, 2) Argo drift velocities
provide information to the inverse solution for the ocean interior, and 3) comparison of the
total integrated interior mass transports in the thermocline waters for the period 2003-2007
with the previous estimates based on trans-ocean hydrographic sections shows that the
Meridional Overturning Circulation has not significantly changed since 1957.TJ would like to
acknowledge support from NSF Grant OCE-0241354 and NOAA/CICOR grant NA17RJ1223
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a tool for hazard assessment: The 2021 eruption of Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma Island (Spain)
Monitoring for assessment of natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, presents a methodological challenge for the scientific community. Here, we present Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as a feasible, precise, rapid and safe tool for real time monitoring of the impacts of a volcanic event during the Cumbre Vieja eruption on La Palma Island, Spain (2021). UAV surveys with optical RGB (Red-Green-Blue), thermal and multispectral sensors, and a water sampling device, were carried out in different areas affected by the lava flow, including the upper volcanic edifice and the lava delta formed on the coastal fringe of the island. Our results have provided useful information for the monitoring of the advance of the lava flow and its environmental consequences during the volcanic emergency. Our data shows how La Palma island's growth, with the formation of a new lava delta of 28 ha and a total volume of lava injected into the sea of 5,138,852 m3. Moreover, our Digital Elevation Model (DEM) simulated, with a 70 % accuracy, the probabilistic simulation of the possible path followed by the lava flow in the vicinity of the fissure from which the magma emanates. In addition, significant changes of seawater physical-chemical parameters were registered in coastal surface waters by the in situ seawater samples collected with the automatic water sampling device of our UAV. The first meters of the water column, due to the instant evaporation of the seawater in contact with the hot lava, produce an increase of temperature and salinity of up to 4–5 °C and up to 5 units, respectively.En prensa3,25
How old are giant squids? First approach to aging Architeuthis beaks
The giant squid Architeuthis dux Steenstrup, 1857 is one of the largest and most enigmatic marine species. Its age estimation remains controversial with many estimates of maximum age ranging from 1 to 14 yrs. Successful results regarding the study of aging in cephalopod beaks for some octopod and oegopsid squids support using these structures for age estimation. We analyzed the beaks of 10 individuals, caught between 1995 and 2006, with reconstructed dorsal mantle lengths (DMLs) between 823 and 1418 mm. The beaks were measured and weighed, and their microstructure was analyzed in three ways: (1) in the rostrum area [rostrum sagittal sections (RSS)] for both upper and lower jaws, and the (2) inner lateral wall surfaces (LWS) and (3) inner crest surfaces (CS) for upper jaws. A constant sequence of increments was observed along the RSS, indicating that the use of lower jaws is more feasible due to the higher erosion and tighter packing of increments of upper jaws. The statolith of one individual was analyzed, resulting in 520 increments (579 increments from RSS of its lower jaw). Assuming daily deposition, the age estimations in RSS between 411 and 674 d suggest rapid growth of A. dux, averaging 1.97 mm DML d–1 (SD 0.45). When maximum ages were estimated by applying these results to the largest measured specimens in the literature (e.g., 2400 mm DML), an age of approximately 3 yrs was obtained. Analysis over a greater size range of individuals would allow more accurate age estimations of this emblematic squid.En prensa1,14
Severe Deoxygenation Event Caused by the 2011 Eruption of the Submarine Volcano Tagoro (El Hierro, Canary Islands)
The shallow, near-shore submarine volcano Tagoro erupted in October 2011 at the Mar de las Calmas marine reserve, south of El Hierro island. The injection of lava into the ocean had its strongest episode during November 2011 and lasted until March 2012. During this time, in situ measurements of dissolved oxygen were carried out, using a continuous oxygen sensor constantly calibrated with water samples. A severe deoxygenation was observed in the area, particularly during October-November 2011, which was one of the main causes of the high mortality observed among the local marine ecosystem. The measured O2 concentrations were as low as 7.71 µmol kg-1, which represents a -96% decrease with respect to unaffected waters. The oxygen depletion was found in the first 250 m of the water column, with peaks between 70-120 m depth. The deoxygenated plume covered an area of at least 464 km2, distributed particularly south and south-west of the volcano, with occasional patches found north of the island. The oxygen levels were also monitored through the following years, during the degassing stage of the volcano, when oxygen depletion was no longer observed. Additionally, during the eruption, an island-generated anticyclonic eddy interacted with the volcanic plume and transported it for at least 80 km, where the O2 measurements still showed a -8% decrease after mixing and dilution. This feature draws attention to the permanence and transport of volcanic plumes far away from their source and long after the emission.En prens
The natural ocean acidification and fertilization event caused by the submarine eruption of El Hierro
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Age of spent Octopus vulgaris and stress mark analysis using beaks of wild individuals
Age estimation of the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris by using beaks has improved in recent years, but maximum age and longevity in the wild have not been confirmed due to the low availability of senescent wild octopuses. In this study, a beak analysis of lateral wall surfaces (LWS) from 20 spent specimens confirmed the one-year lifecycle of the species in Central East Atlantic waters. Stress marks (checks) were clearly located in the daily increment sequence of rostrum sagittal sections (RSS). The highest daily variations in sea surface temperature (ΔT) that occurred during the last months of their lifetimes coincided with the locations of the marks on the beak, enabling confirmation of O. vulgaris beaks as life recorders for the first time. It also supports the daily deposition of RSS beak increments in the wild. Individuals were grouped into two main zones, at 20ºN and 18ºN respectively. Both groups showed different thermal check patterns, in accordance with the oceanographic differences. Two other checks (not coinciding with high values of ΔT) were observed in RSS at averages of 15 and 28 days before death, respectively, which were interpreted as responding to senescent-related events.Instituto Espanol de Oceanografi
FINE-SCALE STRUCTURING OF MICROBIAL POPULATIONS ACROSS THE DEEP CHLOROPHYLL MAXIMA LAYERS IN THE NW MEDITERRANEAN AND CENTRAL ATLANTIC
Water Mass Transports and Pathways in the North Brazil- Equatorial Undercurrent Retroflection
The equatorial retroflection of the North Brazil Current (NBC) into the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) and its posterior tropical recirculation is a major regulator for the returning limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Indeed, most surface and thermocline NBC waters retroflect at the equator all the way into the central and eastern Atlantic Ocean, before they recirculate back through the tropics to the western boundary. Here, we use cruise data in the western equatorial Atlantic during April 2010 and reanalysis time series for the equatorial and tropical waters in both hemispheres in order to explore the recirculation pathways and transport variability. During the 1998–2016 period, the annual-mean EUC transports 15.1 ± 1.3 Sv at 32°W, with 2.8 ± 0.4 Sv from the North Atlantic and 11.4 ± 1.3 Sv from the South Atlantic. At 32°W most of the total EUC transport comes from the western boundary retroflection south of 3°N (7.2 ± 0.9 Sv), a substantial fraction retroflects north of 3°N (5.6 ± 0.4 Sv), and the remaining flow (2.3 Sv) joins through the interior basin. The South Atlantic subtropical waters feed the EUC at all thermocline depths while the North Atlantic and South Atlantic tropical waters do so at the surface and upper-thermocline levels. The EUC transport at 32°W has a pronounced seasonality, with spring and fall maxima and a range of 8.8 Sv. The 18 yr of reanalysis data shows a weak yet significant correlation with an Atlantic Niño index, and also suggests an enhanced contribution from the South Atlantic tropical waters during 2008–2016 as compared with 1997–2007En prensa3,17
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