29 research outputs found

    Early detection of chronic kidney disease: multidisciplinary document

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    El aumento de la prevalencia de pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC), la ha convertido en un problema de Salud Pública mundial, no sólo por el requerimiento de tratamiento sustitutivo renal, sino porque el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular constituye la primera causa de muerte en estos pacientes. La creatinina plasmática (Crp) no siempre resulta un marcador precoz, pues su valor en sangre se eleva por encima del límite superior del intervalo de referencia cuando el Índice de Filtrado Glomerular (IFG) disminuye a la mitad. La medición del IFG con marcadores exógenos es el mejor indicador para evaluar la función renal (FR), aunque su uso en la práctica clínica se reserva para situaciones especiales. El Índice de depuración de creatinina (IDC) puede presentar errores por causa de una mala recolección de orina. Además, sobreestima el IFG debido a que la creatinina, además de ser excretada, se secreta a nivel tubular. La utilización de fórmulas asociadas a Crp está recomendada por la mayoría de las sociedades científicas. La ecuación MDRD-4 se adoptó por consenso "IFGe (mL/min/1,73 m2)= 186 x (Crp) -1.154 x (edad) -0.203 x (0,742 mujer) x (1,212 raza negra)". El factor inicial es 175 cuando el resultado de Crp es trazable a Espectrometría de Masa con Dilución Isotópica (EM-DI). Esta fórmula no es aplicable en casos de embarazadas, hospitalizados, menores de 18 o mayores de 70 años, amputados, etc. Dado que la medición de Crp es la mayor fuente de error para el cálculo de IFGe, el laboratorio debe validar su procedimiento analítico para determinar creatinina. El Error Total no debe superar el 8% para que no produzca un aumento mayor del 10% en la estimación del IFG. Para la detección de ERC se recomienda: 1) Estimar la VFG utilizando la ecuación MDRD-4 asociada a Crp (fuerza de recomendación C). 2) Informar valores de más de 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 sólo como "mayor de 60" y los valores menores de 60, como el número exacto obtenido; 3) Excluir en sistemas con cálculos automáticos las situaciones que limitan el uso de la ecuación.The increase in prevalence of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has turned it a worldwide public health problem not only due to its requirement of a kidney replaceable treatment, but also because cardiovascular disease is now the main cause of death among these patients. Plasma Creatinine (Crp) is not always an early marker, due to the fact that its blood levels exceed the highest limit of the reference range when the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) decreases to a half. GFR measurement with exogenous markers is the best indicator to test renal function (RF), although its use in the clinical practice is only restricted to special situations. Creatinine Clearance (CC) may have errors caused by an inadequate urine collection. Moreover, it overestimates the GFR considering that creatinine is not only excreted but also secreted at the tubular level. The utilization of formulas associated to Crp is recommended by most of the Scientific Societies. The MDRD-4 equation has been adopted by consensus "eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)= 186 x (Crp) -1.154 x (age) -0.203 x (0.742 woman) x (1.212 black people)". When the creatinine results are traceable to isotope Dilution/Mass Spectrometry reference method, the initial factor is 175. This formula does not apply to pregnant women, hospitalized patients, people under 18 or older than 70 years old, amputees, etc. Given that the measurement of Crp is the biggest cause of error for the calculation of eGFR, the lab should validate the analytical procedure to determine creatinine. The Total Error should not exceed 8% in order not to yield an increase over 10% of GFR estimation. For CKD detection, it is recommended as follows: 1) Estimate the GFR using MDRD-4´s equation associated to Crp. (Strength of Recommendation C); 2) Report values over 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 only as "over 60" and values under 60 as the exact number obtained; 3) Exclude from automatic calculation systems, situations that limit the use of the equation.Fil: Alles, Alberto. Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología; ArgentinaFil: Fraga, Adriana Raquel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas; ArgentinaFil: García, Roberto Daniel. Fundación Bioquímica Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Alejandra. Asociación Bioquímica Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Greloni, Gustavo. Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología; ArgentinaFil: Inserra, Pablo Ignacio Felipe. Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mazziotta, Daniel. Fundación Bioquímica Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Torres, María Lía. Fundación Bioquímica Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Villagra, Alberto. Asociación Bioquímica Argentina; Argentin

    Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

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    The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

    Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

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    Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

    Restricción proteica en la enfermedad renal progresiva crónica

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    En 1905 Folin describió que la dieta sin proteínas disminuye la excreción de urea en el hombre sano.(1) Desde entonces, históricamente, la restricción proteica comenzó a utilizarse  con el objeto de atenuar los síntomas urémicos en la insuficiencia renal  crónica terminal (IRCT)(2), empleándose con este único objetivo durante varias décadas en la era pre-dialítica.Fil: Fraga, Adriana Raquel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentin

    Evaluación del filtrado glomerular en nefropatía por diabetes

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    La problemática de la evaluación de la función renal en pacientes diabéticos tiene puntos comunes con la de los pacientes de cualquier etiología y puntos particulares de la condición impuesta por la diabetes mellitus (DM). Por lo tanto, antes de abordar específicamente la problemática en DM, haremos una revisión de la situación actual de la evaluación de la función renal en todo tipo de pacientes, ya que, por otro lado, no existen aún trabajos con casuística suficiente que permitan diferenciar específicamente los requerimientos de la población diabética de la que no lo es.Fil: Fraga, Adriana Raquel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

    Tratamientos específicos en poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante: Una biología compleja y una enfermedad de larga duración

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    ADPKD es ocasionada por mutaciones en los genes PKD1 y PKD2. Sus dos proteínas, las policistinas 1 y 2, asientan en el cilium primario inmóvil de cada célula y contribuyen a través de su función mecanosensora a una señalización normal del calcio intracelular (Ca2+). Los quistes renales crecen por un doble proceso epitelial, secreción aumentada de fluidos y mayor proliferación, productos del aumento del AMPc intracelular. En esta línea de hallazgos, se demostró en animales que el uso de un inhibidor del receptor V2 (OPC-31260) de la vasopresina endógena, disminuye el aumento del volumen renal y de los quistes y preserva el filtrado glomerular (FG). Por otro lado, la inhibición de la proteína kinasa mTOR (mamalian target of rapamycin), que regula múltiples funciones celulares e integra la información que llega de vías que incluyen la insulina, factores de crecimiento y mitógenos, también se demostró efectiva en modelos animales. En base a estos datos, se inició un ensayo clínico en fase III (Estudio TEMPO) con el inhibidor OPC-31260 (Tolvaptan) del receptor V2 de la vasopresina. No existen todavía datos preliminares de su influencia sobre el crecimiento del volumen renal y el FG, pero disminuye la reabsorción de agua libre y causa diabetes insípida nefrogénica parcial por su acción sobre el receptor V2. Enfoques similares sobre la inhibición del contenido de AMPc intracelular pueden lograrse en humanos con la somatostatina y su análogo de acción prolongada octeotride. Los estudios en humanos con inhibidores de mTOR (everolimus y sirolimus) mostraron disminución del volumen renal pero con mayor declinación del FG en el primer caso y no diferencias en esos índices en el segundo. En conclusión, si bien los modelos animales han provisto un enfoque racional para los ensayos clínicos en humanos, son necesarios nuevos protocolos que estimen cuándo comenzar el tratamiento, cómo evaluar la “etapa biológica” de la enfermedad y qué marcadores de eficacia son necesarios en una enfermedad de larga duración como ADPKD.ADPKD is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes. The two codified proteins, polycystins 1 and 2, are localized in the primary non-motil cilium and contribute through its mechanosensorial function to a normal signal process in the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) machinery. Renal cysts grow by a double epithelial process of increase in both fluid secretion and cell proliferation, fuelled both by a high intracellular cAMP. Along all these findings, it was also demonstrated in animal PKD models that an inhibitor of the endogenous vasopressin V2 receptor slowed the increase of renal volume and preserved the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Besides this, the kinase-protein mTOR (mamalian target of rapamycin), that regulates multiple cellular functions and integrates information coming from a variety of growth factors and mitogens was also effective in ameliorating the course of the disease in animal PKD models. Upon all this data, a double-blind phase III clinical trial was started (TEMPO) with an inhibitor of the V2-vasopressin receptor OPC-31260 (Tolvaptan). No data are available at present on the influence of Tolvaptan on both renal volume and GFR. Similar approaches pointing to inhibit the AMPc intracellular content have been used in humans with somatostatin and its long-acting analogous octeotride, with preliminary benefits. Published results in humans with the mTOR inhibitors everolimus showed a slower pace in the growth rate of renal volume without concurrent changes in GFR. No beneficial changes were observed with the use of sirolimus. In summary, different animal models have provided a rational approach for planning clinical trials with different compounds. It is still necessary to get new data that permit the development of a new stage of carefully designed trials. This should permit to define questions as when to start treatment, how to evaluate the “biological” stage of the disease and which markers should be used to assess treatment effectiveness in a long-life disease as ADPKD.Fil: Martin, Rodolfo Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Fraga, Adriana Raquel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Fragale, Guillermo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Cestari, Jorge. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, María F.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Arrizurieta, Elvira. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Azurmendi, Pablo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; Argentin

    Early renal and vascular changes in ADPKD patients with low-grade

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    Background. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney dis- ease (ADPKD) shows an increase in both urine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and carotid intima? media thickness (CIMT) before changes in serum creatinine concentration. Although microalbuminuria is an index of disease progression, data on whether renal alterations and vascular remodelling are already present at normal or minimally increased levels of urine albumin excretion in early stages of the disease are lacking. Methods. Forty-eight ADPKD patients (24.8 ± 0.8 years) with normal renal function (MDRD 108.1 ± 3.1 ml/min) and 21 age-matched controls were studied in a crosssectional study. The urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) above the upper range of controls (6.8 mg/g) was taken as the predictor of renal alterations and vascular remodelling. Urine MCP-1, MCP-1 fractional excretion (FE ), endothelial-dependent vascular relaxation (EDVR), aortic pulse-wave velocity (Ao-PWV) and CIMT were chosen as biological markers. Results. No differences between ADPKD with UACR ≤ 6.8 mg/g and controls were observed in urine MCP-1 (77.7 ± 13.9 versus 57.8 ± 6.3 ng/g), FE (91 ± 19 versus 74 ± 8%) and CIMT (0.47 ± 0.06 versus 0.44 ± 0.07 mm), respectively. Conversely, ADPKD with UACR > 6.8 mg/g showed values that were different from the two other groups. In addition, patients with UACR > 6.8 and < 20 mg/g showed greater values for urine MCP-1, FE MCP-1 and CIMT (131.8 ± 21.7 ng/g, 159 ± 31% and 0.55 ± 0.05 mm, respectively), as compared with patients with UACR ≤ 6.8 mg/g. The same pattern was found in a subset of normotensive ADPKD patients. No differences were found in EDVR and Ao-PWV. Conclusion. In young ADPKD patients, normal levels of UACR suggest that renal interstitium is comparable to that in healthy subjects and indicate an absence of subtle atherosclerotic changes in the carotid arteries. Likewise, early renal and vascular changes may be present at UACR below the levels defined as microalbuminuria. MCP-1 MCP-1Fil: Azurmendi, Pablo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Fraga, Adriana Raquel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Galan, Felicita M.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Kotliar, Carol Virginia. Universidad Austral. Hospital Universitario Austral. Areas de Responsabilidad.; ArgentinaFil: Arrizurieta, Elvira. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Valdez, Marta G.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Forcada, Pedro. Universidad Austral. Hospital Universitario Austral. Areas de Responsabilidad.; ArgentinaFil: Santelha Stefan, Jose S.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Martin, Rodolfo Santiago. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral. Hospital Universitario Austral. Areas de Responsabilidad.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin
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