67 research outputs found

    Searching for managerial opportunism faint traces in French diversifying acquisitions

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    We are looking for traces of managerial opportunism in french diversifyingacquisitions. Indeed, following various theories, diversification is seeking by managers.Furthermore, recent empiric evidences show that corporate diversification is valuedestructive for shareholders. Using classical OLS methodology with diversification,management ownership and performance variables, we find some evidence of managerialopportunism. But classical methodology presents two shortages. First, it supposed a uniquesense of causality. In particular, firm diversification is supposed to impact firmperformance without considering the inverse relationship (from performance todiversification). This one-way analysis can create biases in the estimated results. Second,this OLS methodology doesn't permit to take simultaneously the relationship between ourvariables. Noticing that this classical methodology is not well adapted to the problem, wesubmit our data to a system of simultaneous equations. Using this system, according to usbetter adapted, the faint traces of managerial opportunism vanishes. This is the case inparticular because the negative impact of diversification on performance disappears whenwe consider a non recursive relation between the variables. We derive others surprisingresults from our simultaneaous equations framework. Management stake in the equity caninfluence or be influenced by the performance depending on wether the performance ismeasured at the firm or at the operation (acquisition) level. Together, these results suggestthat we have to be cautious when searching for managerial opportunism in sample andstatistical studies. If manager opportunist inclination can be suspected in this kind ofstudies, it has to be distinguished from manager opportunist behavior which is far moredifficult to exhibit.managerial opportunism;acquisition;corporate diversification;agence;performance

    Do Private Equity Firms Foster Innovation? Evidence from French LBOs

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    Agency theory has historically presented buyouts as a superior governance framework that generates economic efficiencies in the short term but these transactions might have a negative impact on long-term growth and innovation. In this study, we use a strategic entrepreneurship perspective to argue that private equity firm's extensive network and relationships, and expertise and competencies help managers to innovate. Using a propensity score methodology, we provide an empirical analysis of the innovative efforts of a sample of 89 French manufacturing firms that underwent a buyout between 2001 and 2005. The matching estimates (average treatment on the treated, ATT) of the effect of LBOs on firm level of innovation expenditures in 2006 show no significant differences between LBO targets and comparable companies that did not go through an LBO. In contrast, we find significant effects of LBOs on both service innovation and marketing innovations in design and packaging and product promotion. Results suggest that private equity firms provide marketing capabilities or encourage managers of LBO targets to build new innovation strategies.Buyouts, Innovation, Private Equity Firms, Strategic Entrepreneurship

    Diversification de l'entreprise, risque et aversion au risque des dirigeants : L'hypothÚse d'Amihud et Lev (1981) revisitée

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    L'hypothĂšse initialement avancĂ©e par Amihud et Lev (1981), selon laquelle le dirigeant serait tentĂ© de diversifier son entreprise afin de limiter son risque d'emploi, a connu un large Ă©cho et a Ă©tĂ© largement reprise depuis (Amihud et al., 1986 ; Lewellen et al., 1989 ; Norton, 1993 ; Lane et al., 1998). NĂ©anmoins, les rĂ©sultats obtenus par ces diffĂ©rentes recherches ne corroborent pas tous l'hypothĂšse originelle. Nous nous proposons dans cette Ă©tude de reconsidĂ©rer certains aspects de l'hypothĂšse d'Amihud et Lev (1981) et de tester sur, le marchĂ© français, les hypothĂšses qui en dĂ©coulent quant Ă  l'impact de l'aversion au risque du dirigeant sur la diversification de l'entreprise . Les rĂ©sultats exposĂ©s Ă©clairent la diversification et les Ă©ventuels motifs managĂ©riaux qui la guide. Ils nous conduisent Ă  ĂȘtre circonspect vis-Ă -vis de l'hypothĂšse initiale. L'hypothĂšse initiale n'est pas corroborĂ©e. Son cotĂ© trĂšs simple et gĂ©nĂ©ral, si sĂ©duisant qu'il soit, nuit Ă  son caractĂšre explicatif. Notre conclusion invite Ă  affiner l'hypothĂšse d'Amihud et Lev (1981), et Ă  Ă©tudier l'aversion au risque des dirigeants dans un cadre plus complet incluant les enseignements de la finance comportementale et l'ensemble du systĂšme de gouvernement des entreprises.fusion; acquisition; risque; aversion au risque; finance comportementale

    DĂ©sengagements et recentrages en France : 1986-1992

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    Dans un premier temps, la spécificité des trajectoires de recentrage par désengagements est mise en évidence par une mesure quantitative de la diversité des activités de grandes firmes industrielles françaises. La performance de ces opérations est ensuite étudiée à travers deux perspectives complémentaires : l'amélioration de la profitabilité et l'instauration de nouveaux rapports entre actionnaires et dirigeants.recentrage ; restructurations ; désengagements ; synergies ; performance

    Plural Form and Franchisors Performance : Early Empirical Findings From Europe

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    This paper deals with the relationships between plural form and performance in franchising networks in Europe. It is proposed that a franchisor's life cycle stage and human capital assets influence the relationship between plural form and performance. The model has been estimated using panel data on 41 publicly listed European franchising networks in the 1998-2007 period. The proportion of network-franchised units to the total number of its units in its distribution system is used as the indicator of its plural form (franchise proportion). Following an instrumental approach, the network performance is measured at the franchisor level by its industry-adjusted Return on Assets (ROA) and a relative stock market valuation measure of intangible human capital is used. The early results show that the impact of franchise proportion on performance is greater for franchisors with high intangible human capital compared to franchisors with low intangible human capital. Overall, results provide support for the contention that the franchisors' performance is contingent on the ‘fit' between governance structure (franchise proportion) and resources (critical human assets). In contrast, strong evidence that the governance/performance relationship is contingent on life cycle stage or franchisor's age is not found. But, our results suggest that franchisor's age could weaken the relationship between franchise proportion and performance. These results might suggest that younger franchisors with high human capital should increase their franchise proportion to enhance their financial performance.franchising; human capital; governance; performance

    Financial Profile of Leveraged Buyout Targets: Some French Evidence

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    International audienceThis paper investigates whether firms, which are taken over on the French market through Leveraged Buyouts (LBOs), possess characteristics prior to the change which differentiate them from firms which are not acquired through LBOs. Contrasting 175 LBO targets on the French market with an industry-matched comparison group, we first run univariate analysis and then multivariate analysis (logit regression). Beyond the underscoring of the LBO targets' financial features, we conclude that subdividing our sample according to the vendor and bidder type is beneficial. We thus notice that the so-called outperformance of LBO targets prior to the deal hides in fact different cases

    LBOs and innovation: the French case

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    A long-standing controversy is whether LBOs generate economic efficiencies through a superior governance framework, or whether LBO funds are driven by short-term profit motives and sacrifice long-term growth to boost short-term performance. Using a propensity score methodology, this paper provides an empirical analysis of the innovative efforts of a sample of 89 French manufacturing firms that underwent a buyout between 2001 and 2005. The matching estimates (average treatment on the treated, ATT) of the effect of LBOs on firm level of innovation expenditures in 2006 show no significant differences between LBO targets and comparable companies that did not go through an LBO. In contrast, we find significant effects of LBOs on both service innovation and marketing innovations in design and packaging and product promotion.Buyouts, Innovation, Private Equity Firms.

    Architecture financiÚre des réseaux de franchise : apports de la théorie des ressources et de la théorie des contrats incomplets

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    This article aims to enrich the explanatory framework of franchise networks through integration of resource-based view and incomplete contracts theory. In this framework, we analyze franchising as the foundation for a financial architecture and two explanatory variables appear to be essential: the importance of « animate assets » in the network and the life cycle stage. Plural form allows the development of trust and cooperation, a specific governance implementation, and the emergence of information resources. If the resources' characteristics fit the governance system then the franchising network will be efficient.L'objectif de cet article est d'enrichir le cadre explicatif de la franchise en intégrant la théorie fondée sur les ressources et la théorie des contrats incomplets. Dans ce cadre, le recours à la franchise se conçoit comme le fondement d'une « architecture financiÚre » et deux variables explicatives apparaissent essentielles : l'importance des actifs incorporels « animés » dans le réseau et la phase du cycle de vie. Les réseaux mixtes permettent le développement de la confiance et de la coopération, la mise en place d'une gouvernance particuliÚre, et l'émergence d'une ressource informationnelle. La concordance entre les caractéristiques des ressources et le systÚme de gouvernance va déterminer la performance du réseau de franchise

    Architecture financiÚre des réseaux de franchise : apports de la théorie des ressources et de la théorie des contrats incomplets

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    L'objectif de cet article est d'enrichir le cadre explicatif de la franchise en intégrant la théorie fondée sur les ressources et la théorie des contrats incomplets. Dans ce cadre, le recours à la franchise se conçoit comme le fondement d'une « architecture financiÚre » et deux variables explicatives apparaissent essentielles : l'importance des actifs incorporels « animés » dans le réseau et la phase du cycle de vie. Les réseaux mixtes permettent le développement de la confiance et de la coopération, la mise en place d'une gouvernance particuliÚre, et l'émergence d'une ressource informationnelle. La concordance entre les caractéristiques des ressources et le systÚme de gouvernance va déterminer la performance du réseau de franchise.franchise; théorie des droits de propriété; théorie fondée sur les ressources; gouvernance; performance

    Diversification de l'entreprise, risque et aversion au risque des dirigeants : L'hypothÚse d'Amihud et Lev (1981) revisitée

    Get PDF
    L'hypothĂšse initialement avancĂ©e par Amihud et Lev (1981), selon laquelle le dirigeant serait tentĂ© de diversifier son entreprise afin de limiter son risque d'emploi, a connu un large Ă©cho et a Ă©tĂ© largement reprise depuis (Amihud et al., 1986 ; Lewellen et al., 1989 ; Norton, 1993 ; Lane et al., 1998). NĂ©anmoins, les rĂ©sultats obtenus par ces diffĂ©rentes recherches ne corroborent pas tous l'hypothĂšse originelle. Nous nous proposons dans cette Ă©tude de reconsidĂ©rer certains aspects de l'hypothĂšse d'Amihud et Lev (1981) et de tester sur, le marchĂ© français, les hypothĂšses qui en dĂ©coulent quant Ă  l'impact de l'aversion au risque du dirigeant sur la diversification de l'entreprise . Les rĂ©sultats exposĂ©s Ă©clairent la diversification et les Ă©ventuels motifs managĂ©riaux qui la guide. Ils nous conduisent Ă  ĂȘtre circonspect vis-Ă -vis de l'hypothĂšse initiale. L'hypothĂšse initiale n'est pas corroborĂ©e. Son cotĂ© trĂšs simple et gĂ©nĂ©ral, si sĂ©duisant qu'il soit, nuit Ă  son caractĂšre explicatif. Notre conclusion invite Ă  affiner l'hypothĂšse d'Amihud et Lev (1981), et Ă  Ă©tudier l'aversion au risque des dirigeants dans un cadre plus complet incluant les enseignements de la finance comportementale et l'ensemble du systĂšme de gouvernement des entreprises
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