Analyse des conduites de salariés en transition de fin de carrière : Le cas de travailleurs et travailleuses en situation d’emploi atypique

Cet article propose une analyse des conduites d’investissement de travailleurs et travailleuses dans les différents domaines de leur existence. S’inspirant de l’approche du parcours de vie (life course), il s’appuie sur une enquête qualitative conduite au Québec auprès de 78 salariés âgés de 45 ans et plus, en situation d’emploi atypique depuis au moins trois ans. Les résultats mettent d’abord en évidence le large éventail des conduites observées. Ils montrent aussi la diversité des rapports à l’âge et à l’avenir professionnel des sujets. La prise en compte de ce regard subjectif porté par les travailleurs sur leur étape de vie et leur situation professionnelle s’avère éclairante pour interpréter la diversité des conduites d’investissement observées. Dans une perspective complémentaire, l’article examine dans quelle mesure ces différentes conduites sont statistiquement associées à quelques variables sociobiographiques et de situation professionnelle.Over the last twenty years, we have witnessed an expansion in non-standard forms of employment and, as its corollary, more heterogeneous and more unstable career trajectories. Older workers, whose numbers in the workforce in Western countries have been growing, have been particularly affected by these changes. These workers have been affected by acute vulnerability in their lives both at work and outside work. Their end-of-career trajectories and the transitions associated with them have been less and less certain. This article examines the involvement behaviours of a group of older workers whose recent career trajectory has been based on non-standard jobs. More specifically, the article first describes the types of behaviour observed, then presents the relationship between age and the subjects’ future, and then examines whether the latter is associated with these types of behaviour. Lastly, in addition, it assesses whether these behaviours are also statistically linked with the socio-biographical characteristics of the individuals and their employment situation.The approach adopted is based on the life course perspective which places emphasis on the study of occupational transitions, such as the end-of-career transition. From this perspective, the authors selected four principles guiding their study: the worker’s status as an actor, capable of making choices and formulating plans; a main focus on the subjectivity of the individuals, in particular their representations of their age and the stage of life they are in; the necessary interpretation of present experiences in terms of one’s previous life course and expectations for the future; and the interdependency of the various spheres of life. This approach proves to be particularly useful in the current context of evolving end-of-career trajectories, which can, based on this analytical framework, be interpreted as a triple trend towards disinstitutionalization, dechronologization and destandardization.This study is based on a corpus of 78 semi-structured interviews conducted in Quebec with men and women aged 45 or older, who have been in non-standard employment for at least three years.The content analysis brought out four types of involvement behaviours in different spheres of life, at the end-of-career stage: (1) shifting to a new stage of life, characterized by gradual disinvolvement from the work sphere with increased involvement in family life and leisure activities (29.5%); (2) reinforced and decisive involvement in the work sphere and the decision to relegate non-work projects to the background (17.9%); (3) choosing an equal distribution of commitments, both psychological and temporal, to both life at work and life outside work (19.2%); (4) starting a socio-occupational dropping out process, marked by psychological disinvolvement from the work sphere, without significant re-involvement in other spheres (33.3%). Each of these types of behaviour proved to be associated with experiences specific to the workers’ recent career trajectory.In accordance with the life course approach, a second typology was developed to understand the workers’ subjective representation of their advancing age and the stage of life they are in, based on their past experiences and their plans for the future. Three distinct types emerged. Thus, some of these workers view their age as a strength which guarantees their labour market retention (26.9%); some see their age as a social limit holding back any new career plan and get into a position of waiting for retirement (35.9%); and some think of their age as a source of multiple vulnerabilities and discrimination, which undermines their future at work (37.2%).The authors then bring out a statistical link between the relationship with age and the future and the observed types of involvement behaviour. Taking into account this subjective variable proves to be particularly revealing for interpreting the diversity of behaviours. Moreover, the examination of several socio-biographical variables or variables linked to the employment situation at the time of the survey (gender, age, education level, family situation, employment insecurity, financial satisfaction) reveals a number of statistically significant links which are, in general, consistent with the scientific literature.In the discussion, the authors place emphasis on both the range of behaviours observed among older non-standard workers and the low frequency of the normative behaviour expected at the end-of-career stage, namely disinvolvement from work in favour of life outside work. Based on the life course perspective, this result is seen as an indicator of a destandardization of end-of-career trajectories which, however, might turn out to be a double-edge sword for workers. The diversity of behaviours observed also illustrates the relevance of considering simultaneously life at work and life outside work. As regards the workers’ subjective view of their advancing age and the stage of life they are in, attention is drawn to the phenomenon of early psychological disinvolvement from work, which can be interpreted as premature aging, the consequences of which are worrying at individual, organizational and societal levels. Lastly, as regards the link between types of involvement behaviour and the relationship with age and the future, it may be relevant to consider the workers’ subjective view of their employment situation, since the latter is moreover dependent on their perception of their career and biographical trajectories. The authors suggest that this association between types of behaviour and the relationship with age and the future can be interpreted as the linkage between individual biographical temporalities (past/present/future).Este articulo propone un análisis de conductas de implicación de trabajadores y trabajadoras en los diferentes campos de su existencia. Inspirándose del enfoque de trayectoria de vida (life course), el artículo se apoya en una encuesta cualitativa efectuada en Quebec con 78 asalariados de 45 años y mas, en situación de empleo atípico desde un mínimo de 3 anos. Los resultados ponen en evidencia, en primer lugar, la variedad de conductas observadas. Ellos muestran también la diversidad de actitudes frente a la edad y el porvenir profesional de los sujetos. Tomar en cuenta esta visión subjetiva manifestada por los trabajadores sobre su etapa de vida y su situación profesional resulta esclarecedor para interpretar la diversidad de conductas de implicación observadas. En una perspectiva complementaria, el articulo examina en qué medida estas diferentes conductas son estadísticamente asociadas a ciertas variables socio-biográficas y ocupacionales

Les besoins de formation non satisfaits des salariés au prisme des catégories sociales

Les catégories qui accèdent le plus à la formation affichent également les « besoins de formation non satisfaits » les plus importants. Constat aggravant : ce sont les formés qui déclarent le plus souvent des besoins insatisfaits. Gardons-nous d’en conclure que se trouveraient d’un côté, des salariés avides de se former, de progresser, fortement investis dans le travail et la carrière ; de l’autre, des salariés peu motivés, se laissant porter par le fil de l’eau et récoltant au final les fruits amers de leur désinvestissement. Il est nécessaire de s’interroger sur l’expression des besoins de formation non satisfaits. D’où vient que, finalement, la très large majorité des salariés qui ne se forment pas déclarent ne pas en éprouver le besoin ? Deux dimensions apparaissent déterminantes dans la formulation d’un souhait de formation : la finalité et le contexte, objets de représentations contrastées selon les catégories socioprofessionnelles.The categories of employees who have the easiest access to vocational training are also those who claim to have the most “unsatisfied needs” in this respect. What makes matters worse is that those who have undergone vocational training are also those who declare most frequently that their needs are not met. One must avoid jumping to the hasty conclusion that some employees, are keen to obtain training and advancement and strongly committed to their work and their careers, while others are less motivated, take life as it comes and have to pay for their lack of investment in the end. It is necessary to examine the issue of unsatisfied vocational training needs more closely. Why do most of the employees who undergo no vocational training declare that they do not feel any need for it? Two factors seem to be decisive as far as expressing vocational training needs is concerned; the purpose of the training and the context, both of which give rise to different representations, depending on the socio-professional categories involved.Die Berufsgruppen, die sich am meisten an Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen beteiligen, finden häufig ihre persönlichen Weiterbildungsbedürfnisse und-erwartungen nicht befriedigt. Besonders schwerwiegend ist dabei die Tatsache, dass gerade Erwerbspersonen mit hoher Schulbildung unzufrieden mit den Teilnahmeangeboten und-ergebnissen sind. Dennoch sollte man sich davor hüten, auf der einen Seite weiterbildungshungrige, arbeits- und karriereinteressierte Erwerbstätige sehen zu wollen, und auf der anderen Seite gering motivierte, weiterbildungsabstinente Arbeitnehmer, die letztlich die Konsequenzen für ihr Verhalten tragen müssen. Es gilt vielmehr, die unbefriedigten Bedürfnisse auf diesem Gebiet zu hinterfragen. Warum begründet die Mehrzahl der Erwerbspersonen ihre Nicht-Teilnahme an Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen durch fehlenden Bedarf? Zwei Komponenten scheinen ausschlaggebend für die Teilnahmebereitschaft an Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen zu sein: Motive und Einschätzungen sowie Rahmenbedingungen, beides Faktoren, die nachhaltig die Bedeutung branchenspezifischer Einflüsse für die Teilnahme von Erwerbstätigen an Weiterbildung unterstreichen

Job loss in a group of older Canadian workers: Challenges in the sustainable labour market reintegration process

In Western countries, the loss of jobs among older workers is a highly worrisome situation, since it can be synonymous with long-term employment precariousness and definitive exclusion from the labour market. This precariousness is occurring while the labour force in these countries is aging, and governments are looking to extend people’s working lives. It is therefore particularly relevant to study different labour market reintegration processes and to understand their sustainability from a psychological perspective. The present article is examining these processes using a longitudinal study over an 18-month period with 61 older Canadian workers. Time 1 and Final Time were documented with semi-structured individual interviews. These data allowed us to qualitatively construct three reintegration processes (blocked, downgrading, and sustainable) that describe a large spectrum of workers’ experiences regarding occupational repositioning. Quantitative analyses likewise suggest moderate statistical links between the reintegration process and changes in subjective variables associated with the relationship to work and identity representations. Altogether, the results underline the importance of returning to the labour market in qualified, decent, sustainable work that allows people to have a decent and meaningful personal life. The results also suggest, in keeping with the psychology of sustainability, that interventions should promote occupational and personal enrichment, both at the individual and organizational levels

Les disparités de carrières des hommes et des femmes : accès à l'emploi, mobilités et salaires: Rapport final

Rapport final pour la DARES, Département des salaires, Convention n° 99 046L'étude s'est déroulé en trois volets qui structureront ce rapport. Dans un premier temps (partie I), il nous a semblé indispensable de situer notre analyse des disparités de carrières entre hommes et femmes dans l'évolution générale de l'activité et de l'emploi. Une analyse des différences hommes-femmes dans les enquêtes sur l'emploi de 1990 et 1999 a permis de constater : - que la concentration de l'emploi féminin par profession aurait plutôt tendance à se renforcer, ce qui n'est pas le cas de l'emploi masculin ;- que le mouvement général d'élévation de l'emploi précaire a plus touché les hommes que les femmes, réduisant l'écart entre les sexes ; celles-ci demeurant cependant plus concernées ;- enfin que le développement de l'emploi à temps partiel creuse l'écart entre les parcours professionnels et salariaux des hommes et des femmes en même temps qu'il crée des différenciations considérables au sein de la population féminine en emploi

First report of Filaria martis Gmelin, 1790 in the European mink, Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761)

The riparian European mink (Mustela lutreola), currently surviving in only three unconnected sites in Europe, is now listed as a critically endangered species according to the IUCN. Habitat loss and degradation, anthropic mortality, interaction with the feral American mink (Neovison vison), and infectious diseases are among the principal causes of its decline. Surveys of helminth parasites of this host that also include focus on subcutaneous potentially pathogenic helminths such as those belonging to the genus Filaria are very scarce. We report here the presence of specimens of Filaria martis in the subcutaneous connective tissues of three M. lutreola individuals from Spain. This is the first finding of a subcutaneous nematode in a representative of the genus Mustela. The report also enlarges the known range of the definitive hosts of this nematode. These worms were mainly located in the dorsal region of mink and more rarely in the knees, elbows, and hips. Skin sloughing was only observed in one M. lutreola with both septicaemia and an associated high burden of F. martis. Therefore, more attention should be paid to potentially pathogenic helminths when designing conservation programs dedicated to M. lutreola

Severe parasitism by Versteria mustelae (Gmelin, 1790) in the critically endangered European mink Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761) in Spain

The riparian European mink (Mustela lutreola), currently surviving in only three unconnected sites in Europe, is now listed as a critically endangered species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Habitat loss and degradation, anthropogenic mortality, interaction with the feral American mink (Neovison vison), and infectious diseases are among the main causes of its decline. In the Spanish Foral Community of Navarra, where the highest density of M. lutreola in its western population has been detected, different studies and conservation measures are ongoing, including health studies on European mink, and invasive American mink control. We report here a case of severe parasitism with progressive physiological exhaustion in an aged free-ranging European mink female, which was accidentally captured and subsequently died in a live-trap targeting American mink. Checking of the small intestine revealed the presence of 17 entangled Versteria mustelae worms. To our knowledge, this is the first description of hyperinfestation by tapeworms in this species

Actes du Congrès Collèges célébrations 92

Également disponible en version papierTitre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 12 août 2009)Bibliogr.: p.

Brief of Feminists for Life of America, Professional Women\u27s Network, Birthright, Inc., Legal Action for Women, as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents and Cross Petitioners - Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 112 S. Ct. 2791 (1992)

Amici, representing women from all walks of life, are compelled by experience and conviction to advocate strongly that this Court reverse the vulnerable position of women caused by the lack of information given to women contemplating abortion. Amici respectfully urged this Court to affirm the ruling of the Court below, supporting the efforts of the women citizens of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to cause that government to exercise its police power to protect their health and safety by compelling the dissemination of the information necessary to make a fully informed decision