Attachment site selection of ticks on roe deer, Capreolus capreolus

The spatio-temporal attachment site patterns of ticks feeding on their hosts can be of significance if co-feeding transmission (i.e. from tick to tick without a systemic infection of the host) of pathogens affects the persistence of a given disease. Using tick infestation data on roe deer, we analysed preferred attachment sites and niche width of Ixodes ticks (larvae, nymphs, males, females) and investigated the degree of inter- and intrastadial aggregation. The different development stages showed rather consistent attachment site patterns and relative narrow feeding site niches. Larvae were mostly found on the head and on the front legs of roe deer, nymphs reached highest densities on the head and highest adult densities were found on the neck of roe deer. The tick stages feeding (larvae, nymphs, females) on roe deer showed high degrees of intrastadial spatial aggregation, whereas males did not. Male ticks showed large feeding site overlap with female ticks. Feeding site overlap between larval-female and larval-nymphal ticks did occur especially during the months May–August on the head and front legs of roe deer and might allow pathogen transmission via co-feeding. Tick density, niche width and niche overlap on roe deer are mainly affected by seasonality, reflecting seasonal activity and abundance patterns of ticks. Since different tick development stages occur spatially and temporally clustered on roe deer, transmission experiments of tick-borne pathogens are urgently needed

A structural annotation resource for the selection of putative target proteins in the malaria parasite

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Protein structure plays a pivotal role in elucidating mechanisms of parasite functioning and drug resistance. Moreover, protein structure aids the determination of protein function, which can together with the structure be used to identify novel drug targets in the parasite. However, various structural features in <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>proteins complicate the experimental determination of protein structures. Limited similarity to proteins in the Protein Data Bank and the shortage of solved protein structures in the malaria parasite necessitate genome-scale structural annotation of <it>P. falciparum </it>proteins. Additionally, the annotation of a range of structural features facilitates the identification of suitable targets for experimental and computational studies.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An integrated structural annotation system was developed and applied to <it>P. falciparum</it>, <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>and <it>Plasmodium yoelii</it>. The annotation included searches for sequence similarity, patterns and domains in addition to the following predictions: secondary structure, transmembrane helices, protein disorder, low complexity, coiled-coils and small molecule interactions. Subsequently, candidate proteins for further structural studies were identified based on the annotated structural features.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The annotation results are accessible through a web interface, enabling users to select groups of proteins which fulfil multiple criteria pertaining to structural and functional features <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B1">1</abbr></abbrgrp>. Analysis of features in the <it>P. falciparum </it>proteome showed that protein-interacting proteins contained a higher percentage of predicted disordered residues than non-interacting proteins. Proteins interacting with 10 or more proteins have a disordered content concentrated in the range of 60–100%, while the disorder distribution for proteins having only one interacting partner, was more evenly spread.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A series of <it>P. falciparum </it>protein targets for experimental structure determination, comparative modelling and <it>in silico </it>docking studies were putatively identified. The system is available for public use, where researchers may identify proteins by querying with multiple physico-chemical, sequence similarity and interaction features.</p

HealthKick: a nutrition and physical activity intervention for primary schools in low-income settings

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The burden of non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, is growing in South Africa. This country has a complex mix of over- and under-nutrition, especially in low-income communities, and concerning levels of physical inactivity in children and youth. This paper describes HealthKick, a school-based nutrition and physical activity intervention in primary schools in these settings aimed at reducing diabetes risk factors.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>This study includes schools within historically disadvantaged, low-income communities from an urban area close to the city of Cape Town and from two rural areas outside of Cape Town, South Africa. The three Educational Districts involved are Metropole North, Cape Winelands and the Overberg. The study has three phases: intervention mapping and formative assessment, intervention development, and outcome and process evaluation. Sixteen schools were purposively selected to participate in the study and randomly allocated as intervention (eight schools) and control (eight schools).</p> <p>The primary aims of HealthKick are to promote healthful eating habits and increase regular participation in health-enhancing physical activity in children, parents and teachers, to prevent overweight, and reduce risk of chronic diseases (particularly type 2 diabetes); as well as to promote the development of an environment within the school and community that facilitates the adoption of healthy lifestyles.</p> <p>The components of HealthKick are: action planning, toolkit (resource guide, a resource box and physical activity resource bin), and an Educators' Manual, which includes a curriculum component.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study continues to highlight the key role that educators play in implementing a school-based intervention, but that developing capacity within school staff and stakeholders is not a simple or easy task. In spite of the challenges experienced thus far, valuable findings are being produced from this study, especially from Phase 1. Materials developed could be disseminated to other schools in low-income settings both within and outside of South Africa. Owing to the novelty of the HealthKick intervention in low-income South African primary schools, the findings of the evaluation phase have the potential to impact on policy and practice within these settings.</p

Destructive arthritis in a patient with chikungunya virus infection with persistent specific IgM antibodies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chikungunya fever is an emerging arboviral disease characterized by an algo-eruptive syndrome, inflammatory polyarthralgias, or tenosynovitis that can last for months to years. Up to now, the pathophysiology of the chronic stage is poorly understood.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the first case of CHIKV infection with chronic associated rheumatism in a patient who developed progressive erosive arthritis with expression of inflammatory mediators and persistence of specific IgM antibodies over 24 months following infection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Understanding the specific features of chikungunya virus as well as how the virus interacts with its host are essential for the prevention, treatment or cure of chikungunya disease.</p

A state-of-the-art review of curve squeal noise: Phenomena, mechanisms, modelling and mitigation

[EN] Curve squeal is an intense tonal noise occurring when a rail vehicle negotiates a sharp curve. The phenomenon can be considered to be chaotic, with a widely differing likelihood of occurrence on different days or even times of day. The term curve squeal may include several different phenomena with a wide range of dominant frequencies and potentially different excitation mechanisms. This review addresses the different squeal phenomena and the approaches used to model squeal noise; both time-domain and frequency-domain approaches are discussed and compared. Supporting measurements using test rigs and field tests are also summarised. A particular aspect that is addressed is the excitation mechanism. Two mechanisms have mainly been considered in previous publications. In many early papers the squeal was supposed to be generated by the so-called falling friction characteristic in which the friction coefficient reduces with increasing sliding velocity. More recently the mode coupling mechanism has been raised as an alternative. These two mechanisms are explained and compared and the evidence for each is discussed. Finally, a short review is given of mitigation measures and some suggestions are offered for why these are not always successful.Squicciarini, G.; Thompson, D.; Ding, B.; Baeza González, LM. (2018). A state-of-the-art review of curve squeal noise: Phenomena, mechanisms, modelling and mitigation. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 139:3-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73411-8_1S341139Anderson, D., Wheatley, N., Fogarty, B., Jiang, J., Howie, A., Potter, W.: Mitigation of curve squeal noise in Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. In: Conference on Railway Engineering. pp. 625–636, Perth, Australia (2008)Hanson, D., Jiang, J., Dowdell, B., Dwight, R.: Curve squeal: causes, treatments and results. In INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, vol. 249, pp. 6316–6323. Melbourne, Australia (2014)Rudd, M.J.: Wheel/rail noise—part II: wheel squeal. J. Sound Vib. 46(3), 381–394 (1976)Remington, P.J.: Wheel/rail squeal and impact noise: what do we know? What don’t we know? Where do we go from here? J. Sound Vib. 116(2), 339–353 (1987)Remington, P.J.: Wheel/rail rolling noise: what do we know? What don’t we know? Where do we go from here? J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 203–226 (1988)Wickens, A.H.: Fundamentals of Rail Vehicle Dynamics, Guidance and Stability. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse (2003)Thompson, D.J.: Railway Noise and Vibration: Mechanisms, Modelling and Mitigation. Elsevier, Oxford (2009)Kalker, J.J.: Three Dimensional Elastic Bodies in Rolling Contact. Kluwer academic publishers, Dordrecht (1990)Vermeulen, P.J., Johnson, K.L.: Contact of nonspherical elastic bodies transmitting tangential forces. J. Appl. Mech. 31(2), 338–340 (1964)Shen, Z.Y., Hedrick, J.K., Elkins, J.A.: A comparison of alternative creep-force models for rail vehicle dynamic analysis. In: Proceedings of 8th IAVSD Symposium, Cambridge MA, Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 591–605 (1983)Huang, Z.Y.: Theoretical Modelling of Railway Curve Squeal. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, UK (2007)Hoffmann, N., Fischer, M., Allgaier, R., Gaul, L.: A minimal model for studying properties of the mode-coupling type instability in friction induced oscillations. Mech. Res. Commun. 29(4), 197–205 (2002)Hoffmann, N., Gaul, L.: Effects of damping on mode-coupling instability in friction induced oscillations. J. Appl. Math. Mech. 83(8), 524–534 (2003)Sinou, J.J., Jezequel, L.: Mode coupling instability in friction-induced vibrations and its dependency on system parameters including damping. Eur. J. Mech.-A/Solids 26(1), 106–122 (2007)Johnson, K.L.: Contact Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)Kinkaid, N.M., O’Reilly, O.M., Papadopoulos, P.: Automotive disc brake squeal. J. Sound Vib. 267(1), 105–166 (2003)Ghazaly, N.M., El-Sharkawy, M., Ahmed, I.: A review of automotive brake squeal mechanisms. J. Mech. Des. Vibr. 1(1), 5–9 (2013)Ouyang, H., Nack, W., Yuan, Y., Chen, F.: Numerical analysis of automotive disc brake squeal: a review. Int. J. Veh. Noise Vib. 1(3–4), 207–231 (2005)Dorf, R.C., Bishop, R.H.: Modern Control Systems, 11th edn. Prentice Hall. (2008)De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A., Kooijman, P.P., van Vliet, W.J.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 1): frequency domain calculation model. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1560–1563. Nice, France (2000)Von Stappenbeck, H.: Das Kurvengeräusch der Straßenbahn. Möglichkeiten zu seiner Unterdrückung. Z. VDI 96(6), 171–175 (1954)Van Ruiten, C.J.M.: Mechanism of squeal noise generated by trams. J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 245–253 (1988)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 1st report, on frequency of squeal. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 25, 1127–1134 (1982)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 2nd report, mechanism of specific squeal frequency. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 27, 301–308 (1984)Nakai, M., Chiba, Y., Yokoi, M.: Railway wheel squeal: 3rd report, squeal of a disk simulating a wheel in internal resonances. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. 28, 500–507 (1985)Schneider, E., Popp, K., Irretier, H.: Noise generation in railway wheels due to rail-wheel contact forces. J. Sound Vib. 120(2), 227–244 (1988)Kraft, K.: Der Einfluß der Fahrgeschwindigkeit auf den Haftwert zwischen Rad und Schiene. Arch. für Eisenbahntechnik 22, 58–78 (1967)Fingberg, U.: A model of wheel-rail squealing noise. J. Sound Vib. 143(3), 365–377 (1990)Périard, F.: Wheel-Rail Noise Generation: Curve Squealing by Trams. Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft (1998)Heckl, M.A., Abrahams, I.D.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 1: mathematical model for its generation. J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 669–693 (2000)Heckl, M.A.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 2: which wheel modes are prone to squeal? J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 695–707 (2000)Heckl, M.A.: Curve squeal of train wheels: unstable modes and limit cycles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 458, 1949–1965 (2002)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Wheel squeal noise: a simplified model to simulate the effect of rolling speed and angle of attack. J. Sound Vib. 338, 184–198 (2015)Meehan, P.A., Liu, X.: Analytical prediction and investigation of wheel squeal amplitude. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 69–80. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Kooijman, P.P., Van Vliet, W.J., Janssens, M.H.A., De Beer, F.G.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 2): set-up for measurement of creepage dependent friction coefficient. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1564–1567. Nice, France (2000)De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A., Kooijman, P.P.: Squeal noise of rail-bound vehicles influenced by lateral contact position. J. Sound Vib. 267(3), 497–507 (2003)Thompson, D.J., Hemsworth, B., Vincent, N.: Experimental validation of the TWINS prediction program for rolling noise, part 1: description of the model and method. J. Sound Vib. 193(1), 123–135 (1996)Monk-Steel, A., Thompson, D.J.: Models for railway curve squeal noise. In: VIII International Conference on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics, Southampton, UK (2003)Barman, J.F., Katzenelson, J.: A generalized Nyquist-type stability criterion for multivariable feedback systems. Int. J. Control 20(4), 593–622 (1974)Huang, Z.Y., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J.C.: Squeal prediction for a bogied vehicle in a curve. In Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM vol. 99, pp. 313–319. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Hsu, S.S., Huang, Z., Iwnicki, S.D., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J., Xie, G., Allen, P.D.: Experimental and theoretical investigation of railway wheel squeal. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 221(1), 59–73 (2007)Squicciarini, G., Usberti, S., Thompson, D.J., Corradi, R., Barbera, A.: Curve squeal in the presence of two wheel/rail contact points. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 603–610. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Xie, G., Allen, P.D., Iwnicki, S.D., Alonso, A., Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J., Huang, Z.Y.: Introduction of falling friction coefficients into curving calculations for studying curve squeal noise. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 261–271 (2006)Giménez, J.G., Alonso, A., Gómez, E.: Introduction of a friction coefficient dependent on the slip in the FastSim algorithm. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 43(4), 233–244 (2005)Chiello, O., Ayasse, J.B., Vincent, N., Koch, J.R.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 3: theoretical model. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 710–727 (2006)Collette, C.: Importance of the wheel vertical dynamics in the squeal noise mechanism on a scaled test bench. Shock Vibr. 19(2), 145–153 (2012)Brunel, J.F., Dufrénoy, P., Naït, M., Muñoz, J.L., Demilly, F.: Transient models for curve squeal noise. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 758–765 (2006)Glocker, C., Cataldi-Spinola, E., Leine, R.I.: Curve squealing of trains: measurement, modelling and simulation. J. Sound Vib. 324(1), 365–386 (2009)Pieringer, A.: A numerical investigation of curve squeal in the case of constant wheel/rail friction. J. Sound Vib. 333(18), 4295–4313 (2014)Pieringer, A., Kropp, W.: A time-domain model for coupled vertical and tangential wheel/rail interaction—a contribution to the modelling of curve squeal. In: Maeda, T., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 118, pp. 221–229. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Pieringer, A., Baeza, L., Kropp. W.: Modelling of railway curve squeal including effects of wheel rotation. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 417–424. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Zenzerovic, I., Pieringer, A., Kropp. W.: Towards an engineering model for curve squeal. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 433–440. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Zenzerovic, I., Kropp, W., Pieringer, A.: An engineering time-domain model for curve squeal: tangential point-contact model and Green’s functions approach. J. Sound Vib. 376, 149–165 (2016)Pieringer, A., Torstensson, P.T., Giner, J., Baeza, L.: Investigation of railway curve squeal using a combination of frequency- and time-domain models. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 81–93. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Chen, G.X., Xiao, J.B., Liu, Q.Y., Zhou. Z.R.: Complex eigenvalue analysis of railway curve squeal. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 433–439. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Fourie, D.J., Gräbe, P.J., Heyns, P.S., Fröhling, R.D.: Analysis of wheel squeal due to unsteady longitudinal creepage using the complex eigenvalue method. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 55–67. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Wang, C., Dwight, R., Li, W., Jiang, J.: Prediction on curve squeal in the case of constant wheel rail friction coefficient. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp XXX–XXX. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Ding, B., Squicciarini, G., Thompson, D.J.: Effects of rail dynamics and friction characteristics on curve squeal. In: XIII International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control and XII International Conference on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics (MoViC/RASD), Southampton (2016)Bleedorn, T.G., Johnstone. B.: Steerable steel wheel systems and wheel noise suppression. In: Conference Rec IAS 12th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California (1977)Koch, J.R., Vincent, N., Chollet, H., Chiello, O.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 2: parametric study on a 1/4 scale test rig. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 701–709 (2006)Logston, C.F., Itami, G.S.: Locomotive friction-creep studies. ASME J. Eng. Ind. 102(3), 275–281 (1980)Ertz, M.: Creep force laws for wheel/rail contact with temperature-dependent coefficient of friction. In: 8th Mini Conference on Vehicle System Dynamics, Identification and Anomalies, Budapest (2002)Lang, W., Roth, R.: Optimale Kraftschlussausnutzung bei Hochleistungs-Schienenfahrzeugen. Eisenbahntechnische Rundsch. 42, 61–66 (1993)Polach, O.: Creep forces in simulations of traction vehicles running on adhesion limit. Wear 258(7), 992–1000 (2005)Zhang, W., Chen, J., Wu, X., Jin, X.: Wheel/rail adhesion and analysis by using full scale roller rig. Wear 253(1), 82–88 (2002)Harrison, H., McCanney, T., Cotter, J.: Recent developments in coefficient of friction measurements at the rail/wheel interface. Wear 253(1), 114–123 (2002)Gallardo-Hernandez, E.A., Lewis, R.: Twin disc assessment of wheel/rail adhesion. Wear 265(9), 1309–1316 (2008)Fletcher, D.I., Lewis, S.: Creep curve measurement to support wear and adhesion modelling, using a continuously variable creep twin disc machine. Wear 298–299, 57–65 (2013)Fletcher, D.I.: A new two-dimensional model of rolling–sliding contact creep curves for a range of lubrication types. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J: J. Eng. Tribol. 227(6), 529–537 (2013)Matsumoto, A., Sato, Y., Ono, H., Wang, Y., Yamamoto, M., Tanimoto, M., Oka, Y.: Creep force characteristics between rail and wheel on scaled model. Wear 253(1), 199–203 (2002)Janssens, M.H.A., van Vliet, W.J., Kooijman, P.P., De Beer, F.G.: Curve squeal of railbound vehicles (part 3): measurement method and results. In: Proceedings of Internoise, vol. 3, pp. 1568–1571, Nice, France (2000)Monk-Steel, A.D., Thompson, D.J., De Beer, F.G., Janssens, M.H.A.: An investigation into the influence of longitudinal creepage on railway squeal noise due to lateral creepage. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 766–776 (2006)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of the effect of lateral adhesion and rolling speed on wheel squeal noise. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 227(5), 469–480 (2013)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of the effect of relative humidity on lateral force in rolling contact and curve squeal. Wear 310(1), 12–19 (2014)Liu, X., Meehan, P.A.: Investigation of squeal noise under positive friction characteristics condition provided by friction modifiers. J. Sound Vib. 371, 393–405 (2016)Jie, E., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, D.H., Lee, J.H., Kim, K.J., Kim, J.C.: An experimental study of squeal noise characteristics for railways using a scale model test rig. In: J. Pombo (ed.) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy (2016)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M., Kalousek, J.: Railway noise and the effect of top of rail liquid friction modifiers: changes in sound and vibration spectral distributions in curves. Wear 258(7), 1148–1155 (2005)Bullen, R., Jiang, J.: Algorithms for detection of rail wheel squeal. In: 20th International Congress on Acoustics 2010, ICA 2010—Incorporating Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society. pp. 2212–2216 (2010)Stefanelli, R., Dual, J., Cataldi-Spinola, E.: Acoustic modelling of railway wheels and acoustic measurements to determine involved eigenmodes in the curve squealing phenomenon. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 44(sup1), 286–295 (2006)Vincent, N., Koch, J.R., Chollet, H., Guerder, J.Y.: Curve squeal of urban rolling stock—part 1: state of the art and field measurements. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 691–700 (2006)Anderson, D., Wheatley, N.: Mitigation of wheel squeal and flanging noise on the Australian network. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 399–405. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Curley, D., Anderson, D.C., Jiang, J., Hanson, D.: Field trials of gauge face lubrication and top-of-rail friction modification for curve noise mitigation. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 449–456. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Jiang, J., Hanson, D., Dowdell, B.: Wheel squeal—insights from wayside condition monitoring measurements and field trials. In: Anderson, D., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 139, pp 41–53. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)Jiang, J., Dwight, R., Anderson, D.: Field verification of curving noise mechanisms. In: Maeda, T., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 118, pp. 349–356. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Jiang, J., Anderson, D.C., Dwight, R.: The mechanisms of curve squeal. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 587–594. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Fourie, D.J., Gräbe, P.J., Heyns, P.S., Fröhling, R.D.: Experimental characterisation of railway wheel squeal occurring in large-radius curves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F: J. Rail Rapid Transit 230(6), 1561–1574 (2016)Corradi, R., Crosio, P., Manzoni, S., Squicciarini, G.: Experimental investigation on squeal noise in tramway sharp curves. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011, Leuven (2011)Merideno, I., Nieto, J., Gil-Negrete, N., Landaberea, A., Iartza, J.: Constrained layer damper modelling and performance evaluation for eliminating squeal noise in trams. Shock and Vibration (2014)Nelson J.T.: Wheel/rail noise control manual, TCRP Report 23 (1997)Krüger, F.: Schall- und Erschütterungsschutz im Schienenverkehr. Expert Verlag, Renningen (2001)Elbers, F., Verheijen, E.: Railway noise technical measures catalogue, UIC report UIC003-01-04fe (2013)Oertli, J.: Combatting curve squeal, phase II, final report, UIC (2005)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M., Powell, W.: Local control of noise and vibration with KELTRACK™ friction modifier and protector® trackside application: an integrated solution. J. Sound Vib. 267(3), 761–772 (2003)Eadie, D.T., Santoro, M.: Top-of-rail friction control for curve noise mitigation and corrugation rate reduction. J. Sound Vib. 293(3), 747–757 (2006)Suda, Y., Iwasa, T., Komine, H., Tomeoka, M., Nakazawa, H., Matsumoto, K., Nakai, T., Tanimoto, M., Kishimoto, Y.: Development of onboard friction control. Wear 258(7), 1109–1114 (2005)Bühler, S., Thallemer, B.: How to avoid squeal noise on railways: state of the art and practical experience. In: Schulte-Werning, B., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 99, pp. 406–411. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Jones, C.J.C., Thompson, D.J.: Rolling noise generated by railway wheels with visco-elastic layers. J. Sound Vib. 231(3), 779–790 (2000)Wetta, P., Demilly, F.: Reduction of wheel squeal noise generated on curves or during braking. In 11th International of Wheelset Congress, Paris (1995)Brunel, J.F., Dufrénoy, P., Demilly, F.: Modelling of squeal noise attenuation of ring damped wheels. Appl. Acoust. 65(5), 457–471 (2004)Marjani, S.R., Younesian, D.: Suppression of train wheel squeal noise by shunted piezoelectric elements. Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. (2016)Heckl, M.A., Huang, X.Y.: Curve squeal of train wheels, part 3: active control. J. Sound Vib. 229(3), 709–735 (2000)Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J.C., Waters, T.P., Farrington, D.: A tuned damping device for reducing noise from railway track. Appl. Acoust. 68(1), 43–57 (2007)Jiang, J., Ying, I., Hanson, D., Anderson, D.C.: An investigation of the influence of track dynamics on curve noise. In: Nielsen, J.C.O., et al. (eds.) Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. NNFM, vol. 126, pp. 441–448. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)Toward, M., Squicciarini, G., Thompson, D.J.: Reducing freight wagon noise at source. Int. Railway J. March, 47–49 (2015)Illingworth, R., Pollard, M.G.: The use of steering axle suspensions to reduce wheel and rail wear in curves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 196(1), 379–385 (1982)Garcia, J.F., Olaizola, X., Martin, L.M., Gimenez, J.G.: Theoretical comparison between different configurations of radial and conventional bogies. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 33(4), 233–259 (2000)Bruni, S., Goodall, R., Mei, T.X., Tsunashima, H.: Control and monitoring for railway vehicle dynamics. Veh. Syst. Dyn. 45(7–8), 743–779 (2007)Hiensch, M., Larsson, P.O., Nilsson, O., Levy, D., Kapoor, A., Franklin, F., Nielsen, J., Ringsberg, J., Josefson, L.: Two-material rail development: field test results regarding rolling contact fatigue and squeal noise behaviour. Wear 258(7), 964–972 (2005)Kopp, E.: Fünf Jahre Erfahrungen mit asymmetrisch geschliffenen Schienenprofilen. Eisenbahn Techn. Rundsch. 40, 665 (1991

Diagnostic accuracy for the extent and activity of newly diagnosed and relapsed Crohn’s disease: a multicentre prospective comparison of magnetic resonance enterography and small bowel ultrasound –The METRIC Trial

Background Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and ultrasound (US) are used to image Crohn’s disease, but comparative accuracy for disease extent and activity is not known with certainty. We undertook a prospective multicentre cohort trial to address this Methods We recruited from 8 UK hospitals. Eligible patients were 16 years or older, newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease, or had established disease with suspected relapse. Consecutive patients underwent MRE and US in addition to standard investigations. Discrepancy between MRE and US for small bowel (SB) disease presence triggered an additional investigation, if not already available. The primary outcome was difference in per patient sensitivity for SB disease extent (correct identification and segmental localisation) against a construct reference standard (panel diagnosis). Accuracy for SB and colonic disease presence and activity were secondary outcomes. The trial is completed (ISRCTN03982913). Findings 284 patients completed the trial (133 new diagnosis, 151 relapse). MRE sensitivity (n=233) for SB disease extent (80% [95%CI 72 to 86]) and presence (97% [91 to 99]) were significantly greater than US (70% [62 to 78], 92% [84 to 96]); a 10% (1 to 18; p=0.027), and 5% (1 to 9), difference respectively. MRE specificity for SB disease extent (95% [85 to 98]) was significantly greater than US (81% [64 to 91]). Sensitivity for active SB disease was significantly greater for MRE than US (96% [92 to 99] vs. 90% [82 to 95]), difference 6% (2 to 11). Overall, there were no significant accuracy differences for colonic disease presence. Accuracy in newly diagnosed and relapse patients was similar, although US had significantly greater sensitivity for colonic disease than MRE in newly diagnosed patients (67% [49 to 81) vs. 47% [31 to 64]), difference 20% (1 to 39). There were no serious adverse events. Interpretation MRE has higher diagnostic accuracy for the extent and activity of SB Crohn’s disease than US when tested in a prospective multi centre cohort trial setting

Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography and small bowel ultrasound for the extent and activity of newly diagnosed and relapsed Crohn's disease (METRIC): a multicentre trial

Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and ultrasound are used to image Crohn's disease, but their comparative accuracy for assessing disease extent and activity is not known with certainty. Therefore, we did a multicentre trial to address this issue. We recruited patients from eight UK hospitals. Eligible patients were 16 years or older, with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease or with established disease and suspected relapse. Consecutive patients had MRE and ultrasound in addition to standard investigations. Discrepancy between MRE and ultrasound for the presence of small bowel disease triggered an additional investigation, if not already available. The primary outcome was difference in per-patient sensitivity for small bowel disease extent (correct identification and segmental localisation) against a construct reference standard (panel diagnosis). This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN03982913, and has been completed. 284 patients completed the trial (133 in the newly diagnosed group, 151 in the relapse group). Based on the reference standard, 233 (82%) patients had small bowel Crohn's disease. The sensitivity of MRE for small bowel disease extent (80% [95% CI 72-86]) and presence (97% [91-99]) were significantly greater than that of ultrasound (70% [62-78] for disease extent, 92% [84-96] for disease presence); a 10% (95% CI 1-18; p=0·027) difference for extent, and 5% (1-9; p=0·025) difference for presence. The specificity of MRE for small bowel disease extent (95% [85-98]) was significantly greater than that of ultrasound (81% [64-91]); a difference of 14% (1-27; p=0·039). The specificity for small bowel disease presence was 96% (95% CI 86-99) with MRE and 84% (65-94) with ultrasound (difference 12% [0-25]; p=0·054). There were no serious adverse events. Both MRE and ultrasound have high sensitivity for detecting small bowel disease presence and both are valid first-line investigations, and viable alternatives to ileocolonoscopy. However, in a national health service setting, MRE is generally the preferred radiological investigation when available because its sensitivity and specificity exceed ultrasound significantly. National Institute of Health and Research Health Technology Assessment. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope enrichment in primate tissues

Isotopic studies of wild primates have used a wide range of tissues to infer diet and model the foraging ecologies of extinct species. The use of mismatched tissues for such comparisons can be problematic because differences in amino acid compositions can lead to small isotopic differences between tissues. Additionally, physiological and dietary differences among primate species could lead to variable offsets between apatite carbonate and collagen. To improve our understanding of the isotopic chemistry of primates, we explored the apparent enrichment (ε*) between bone collagen and muscle, collagen and fur or hair keratin, muscle and keratin, and collagen and bone carbonate across the primate order. We found that the mean ε* values of proteinaceous tissues were small (≤1‰), and uncorrelated with body size or phylogenetic relatedness. Additionally, ε* values did not vary by habitat, sex, age, or manner of death. The mean ε* value between bone carbonate and collagen (5.6 ± 1.2‰) was consistent with values reported for omnivorous mammals consuming monoisotopic diets. These primate-specific apparent enrichment values will be a valuable tool for cross-species comparisons. Additionally, they will facilitate dietary comparisons between living and fossil primates

Heterozygous Yeast Deletion Collection Screens Reveal Essential Targets of Hsp90

Hsp90 is an essential eukaryotic chaperone with a role in folding specific “client” proteins such as kinases and hormone receptors. Previously performed homozygous diploid yeast deletion collection screens uncovered broad requirements for Hsp90 in cellular transport and cell cycle progression. These screens also revealed that the requisite cellular functions of Hsp90 change with growth temperature. We present here for the first time the results of heterozygous deletion collection screens conducted at the hypothermic stress temperature of 15°C. Extensive bioinformatic analyses were performed on the resulting data in combination with data from homozygous and heterozygous screens previously conducted at normal (30°C) and hyperthermic stress (37°C) growth temperatures. Our resulting meta-analysis uncovered extensive connections between Hsp90 and (1) general transcription, (2) ribosome biogenesis and (3) GTP binding proteins. Predictions from bioinformatic analyses were tested experimentally, supporting a role for Hsp90 in ribosome stability. Importantly, the integrated analysis of the 15°C heterozygous deletion pool screen with previously conducted 30°C and 37°C screens allows for essential genetic targets of Hsp90 to emerge. Altogether, these novel contributions enable a more complete picture of essential Hsp90 functions

Mental toughness

The final publication is available at Springer via https://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783319956800Since the turn of the 21st Century, Mental Toughness has been defined in a variety of ways (e.g. Clough, Earle & Sewell, 2002; Coulter, Mallett & Gucciardi, 2010; Fourie & Potgieter, 2001; Golby & Sheard, 2006; Gucciardi, Gordon & Dimmock, 2008; Jones, Hanton & Connaughton, 2007). Although they differ in many respects, the conceptualisation share a number of similarities. For example, self-belief is at the core of most definitions, motivation is central to most as is persistence in achieving and the ability to deal with setbacks. As such, Mental Toughness is an umbrella term that entails positive psychological resources, which are crucial across a wide range of achievement contexts and in the domain of mental health. Clough and Strycharczyk (2015: 33) suggest that: Mental Toughness is a narrow plastic personality trait which explains in large part how individuals respond differently to the same or similar stressors, pressures, opportunities and challenges… irrespective of prevailing circumstances