107 research outputs found
Analyse numérique d'une méthode de raffinement de maillage espace-temps pour l'équation des ondes
L'objet de ce rapport est d'analyser des raffinements de grille spatio-temporels pour l'équation des ondes 1-D discrétisée par le schéma classique à 5 points. Le raccord entre les grilles est réalisé par interpolati- on temporelle centrée. On montre à l'aide d'expériences numériques et d'une analyse par ondes planes que la précision de ces schémas est d'ordre 1. Dans le cas de deux milieux infinis, on démontre la stabilité sous la conditionCFL usuelle au moyen d'une analyse de Fourier-Laplace. Dans le cas d'une bande raffinée, on démontre que des instabilités fortes peuvent exister sous la condition CFL usuelle. Des expériences numériques laissent supposer que ce résultat négatif s'étend aux équations de Maxwell 1-D et 2-D
Construction d'une méthode de raffinement de maillage spatio-temporelle stable pour les équations de Maxwell
L'objet de ce rapport est de présenter la construction et l'analyse d'une méthode de raffinement de maillage spatio-temporel pour les équations de Maxwell à 3 dimensions d'espace. L'idée est d'introduire à l'interface des deux maillages un courant. Ce courant est déterminé implicitement par la condition de raccord des composantes tangentielles des deux champs électriques. Ce problÚme peut s'écrire sous la forme d'un problÚme d'évolution variationnel. On discrétise ce problÚme de facon à garantir la stabilité par la conservation d'une énergie discrÚte. On applique cette méthode générale à la FDTD et pour un raffinement spatio-temporel 1-2. On obtient un schéma stable sous la CFL usuelle
Explosive breeding in tropical anurans: Environmental triggers, community composition and acoustic structure
Background: Anurans largely rely on acoustic communication for sexual selection and reproduction. While multiple studies have focused on the calling activity patterns of prolonged breeding assemblages, species that concentrate their reproduction in short-time windows, explosive breeders, are still largely unknown, probably because of their ephemeral nature. In tropical regions, multiple species of explosive breeders may simultaneously aggregate leading to massive, mixed and dynamic choruses. To understand the environmental triggers, the phenology and composition of these choruses, we collected acoustic and environmental data at five ponds in French Guiana during a rainy season, assessing acoustic communities before and during explosive breeding events. Results: We detected in each pond two explosive breeding events, lasting between 24 and 70 h. The rainfall during the previous 48 h was the most important factor predicting the emergence of these events. During explosive breeding events, we identified a temporal factor that clearly distinguished pre- A nd mid-explosive communities. A common pool of explosive breeders co-occurred in most of the events, namely Chiasmocleis shudikarensis, Trachycephalus coriaceus and Ceratophrys cornuta. Nevertheless, the species composition was remarkably variable between ponds and for each pond between the first and the second events. The acoustic structure of explosive breeding communities had outlying levels of amplitude and unexpected low acoustic diversity, significantly lower than the communities preceding explosive breeding events. Conclusions: Explosive breeding communities were tightly linked with specific rainfall patterns. With climate change increasing rainfall variability in tropical regions, such communities may experience significant shifts in their timing, distribution and composition. In structurally similar habitats, located in the same region without obvious barriers, our results highlight the variation in composition across explosive breeding events. The characteristic acoustic structure of explosive breeding events stands out from the circadian acoustic environment being easily detected at long distance, probably reflecting behavioural singularities and conveying heterospecific information announcing the availability of short-lived breeding sites. Our data provides a baseline against which future changes, possibly linked to climate change, can be measured, contributing to a better understanding on the causes, patterns and consequences of these unique assemblagesThis research was supported by the Labex CEBA (Centre dâĂtude de la BiodiversitĂ© Amazonienne), which provided fnancial and logistic support for the data collection. JSU was supported by COLCIENCIAS (Doctoral Scholarship of the Colombian government, 2014 call #646). DLL was supported by a Global Marie S. Curie fellowship (European Commission, program H2020, EAVESTROPâ661408), a postdoctoral grant AtracciĂłn de Talento Investigador (Comunidad de Madrid, CAM, Spain, 2016-T2/AMB-1722), and acknowledges
funding provided by the Ministerio de EconomĂa, Industria y Competitividad (CGL2017-88764-R, MINECO/AEI/FEDER, Spain). None of the funders had any role in the design, analysis, interpretation of results or writing the manuscrip
Excitonic recombination dynamics in shallow quantum wells
We report a comprehensive study of carrier-recombination dynamics in shallow AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs quantum wells. At low crystal temperature (2 K), the excitonic radiative recombination time is shown to be strongly enhanced in shallow quantum wells with x>0.01, consistently with a model that takes into account the thermal equilibrium between the three-dimensional exciton gas of the barrier and the two-dimensional exciton gas, which are closer in energy as x decreases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the existence of a thermally activated escape mechanism due to the low effective barrier height in these structures. The nonradiative recombination is shown to dominate the carrier dynamics for temperatures as low as 10 K for xâ0.01. Our experimental observations are analyzed using three different variational exciton calculations. In particular, we study the crossover from the two-dimensional to the three-dimensional behavior of the exciton, which occurs for x as low as 0.01 and affects mainly the oscillator strength, whereas the transition energies in shallow quantum wells can be calculated, to a large extent, using the same approximations as for conventional quantum wells. The peculiar behavior of the oscillator strength at the crossover to the weak confinement regime is obtained by expansion in a large basis
Spectrométrie de masse de polysiloxanes synthétiques : des modÚles linéaires à la structure en réseau des plasma-polymÚres
Contrairement aux mĂ©thodes de polymĂ©risation par voie humide, la « plasma-polymĂ©risation » de prĂ©curseurs siliconĂ©s (typiquement l'hexamĂ©thyldisiloxane) fournit des couches minces peu solubles, considĂ©rĂ©es comme riches en chaines courtes et ramifiĂ©es, structures cycliques et rĂ©ticulĂ©es, Ă mi-chemin entre un poly(dimĂ©thylsiloxane) (PDMS) et une silice. Ces caractĂ©ristiques confĂšrent des propriĂ©tĂ©s barriĂšres, Ă©lectriques ou mĂ©caniques uniques aux substrats traitĂ©s mais sont autant de difficultĂ©s pour leur analyse par spectromĂ©trie de masse. La caractĂ©risation fine d'un plasma polymĂšre serait pourtant d'autant plus utile qu'elle permettrait â indirectement â de proposer ou de valider des mĂ©canismes d'activation et d'oligomĂ©risation du prĂ©curseur en phases plasma et solide, connaissance essentielle s'il en est pour la maĂźtrise des caractĂ©ristiques d'un dĂ©pĂŽt. Cependant, l'interprĂ©tation de donnĂ©es MS/MS en vue de relier un comportement dissociatif Ă des caractĂ©ristiques structurales nĂ©cessite l'Ă©tablissement prĂ©alable de rĂšgles de fragmentation Ă partir de modĂšles pertinents. En l'absence d'Ă©talons plasma-polymĂšre de structure contrĂŽlĂ©e, il s'agit donc d'explorer diffĂ©rents modĂšles potentiels afin d'Ă©tablir des relations structure/fragmentation pour comprendre les donnĂ©es MS/MS obtenues pour des Ă©chantillons rĂ©els. Ces Ă©tudes contribueront d'ailleurs Ă enrichir la littĂ©rature sur la fragmentation de polymĂšres siliconĂ©s, trĂšs rĂ©duite en comparaison de polymĂšres Ă chaine carbonĂ©e.A partir des donnĂ©es obtenues depuis les parties solubles de plasma-polymĂšres, les comportements MS/MS d'un ensemble de polymĂšres de rĂ©fĂ©rence dument choisis ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©s et explicitĂ©s.This thesis work aimed at describing the molecular and structural composition of silicon-based plasma-polymers (ppHMDSO) by mass spectrometry. Deposited under a micro-discharge regime at atmospheric pressure, these plasma-polymers exhibit a very low solubility in common solvents, assigned to their highly cross-linked structures, and are hence not easily amenable to ionization. Moreover, structural information cannot be readily deduced from fragmentation data obtained from species extractable from the studied thin films due to the lack of appropriate rules to understand dissociation of the observed gas-phase ions. This research work has thus consisted of developing an analytical strategy to address both of these challenging issues.Owing to the very limited number of articles dealing with tandem mass spectrometry of silicon-containing oligomers, mechanistic investigations were performed on the collision-induced decomposition of selected polymer standards holding different end-groups, expected to be relevant to characterize oligomers suspected to be present in the soluble part of the ppHMDSO samples. Focusing on ammonium adducts, fragmentation routes have first been established for symmetric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymers holding trimethylsilyl, hydride, or methoxy terminations. POSS molecules were also investigated to understand the influence of cross-linked structures on PDMS adduct dissociation. Some discrepancies between MS/MS spectra of the standards and of the analytes were evidenced, assigned to random branching which could not be modeled by any commercially available compounds
Raffinement de maillage spatio-temporel pour les Ă©quations de Maxwell
During the course of the thesis, we first carried out the analysis of certain methods of mesh refinement existing. This allowed us to identify phenomena of instability, it seems, new, associated with this type of schema.This is the reason that has led us to seek a new way to get around this difficulty. We then constructed and analyzed a new stable spatial-temporal grid refinement method applied to the simulation of wave propagation. We study alternatively the potentialities of such a method for the Maxwell equations and the wave equation, the ultimate goal imposed by the Gramat study center being to realize a codecomputer of mesh refinement for the Yee scheme in the case of 3 dimensions.This constraint has thus oriented us towards methods of refinement based on schemes with finite differences. We were initially interested in a method of refinement analogous to those found in the literature, ie using spatio-temporal interpolations to perform the connection between grids of different discretizations. Unfortunately, the stability of these methods proved to be poorly controlled or at the cost of a significant deterioration in results. Since stability seems to be the main obstacle to the connection between two different meshes, we have therefore sought schemes to guarantee stability via the conservation of discrete energy. The finite difference scheme we found proved to be stable and accurate and confirmed the validity of our strategy. Unfortunately, the finite difference approach to the method whatever conceptually simple, leads to rapidly inextricable calculations if one seeks to construct a schema in the three-dimensional case. We therefore thought of developing an abstract formalism, encompassing the one-dimensional method, in order to construct a very general variational method. If, for reasonswe present the latter applied to the three-dimensional Yee scheme, there is no doubt that the reader will see there applications to other types of discretization.Au cours du dĂ©roulement de la thĂšse, nous avons tout d'abord Ă©tĂ© amenĂ©s Ă effectuer l'analyse de certaines mĂ©thodes de raffinement de maillage existantes. Ceci nous a permis d'identifier des phĂ©nomĂšnes d'instabilitĂ©, semble-t-il, nouveaux, associĂ©s Ă ce type de schĂ©ma.C'est la raison qui nous a conduit Ă chercher une nouvelle voie pour contourner cette difficultĂ©. Nous avons ensuite construit et analysĂ© une nouvelle mĂ©thode stable de raffinement de grille spatio-temporelle appliquĂ©e Ă la simulation de la propagation des ondes. Nous Ă©tudions alternativement les potentialitĂ©s d'une telle mĂ©thode pour les Ă©quations de Maxwell et l'Ă©quation des ondes, le but ultime imposĂ© par le centre d'Ă©tude de Gramat Ă©tant de rĂ©aliser un codeinformatique de raffinement de maillage pour le schĂ©ma de Yee dans le cas de 3 dimensions.Cette contrainte nous a donc orientĂ© vers des mĂ©thodes de raffinement basĂ©es sur des schĂ©mas aux diffĂ©rences finies. Nous nous sommes dans un premier temps intĂ©ressĂ© Ă une mĂ©thode de raffinement analogue Ă celles trouvĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature, c'est Ă dire utilisant des interpolations spatio-temporelles pour effectuer le raccord entre des grilles de discrĂ©tisations diffĂ©rentes. Malheureusement, la stabilitĂ© de ces mĂ©thodes s'est avĂ©rĂ©e trĂšs mal contrĂŽlĂ©e ou au prix d'une dĂ©tĂ©rioration des rĂ©sultats non nĂ©gligeable. La stabilitĂ© semblant ĂȘtre le principal Ă©cueil pour effectuer le raccord entre deux maillages diffĂ©rents, nous avons donc recherchĂ© des schĂ©mas permettant de garantir la stabilitĂ© via la conservation d'une Ă©nergie discrĂšte. Le schĂ©ma aux diffĂ©rences finies que nous avons trouvĂ© s'est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© ĂȘtre stable et prĂ©cis et nous a donc confirmĂ© le bien-fondĂ© de notre stratĂ©gie. Malheureusement, l'approche diffĂ©rences finies de la mĂ©thode quoi que conceptuellement simple, conduit Ă des calculs rapidement inextricables si l'on cherche Ă construire un schĂ©ma dans le cas Ă trois dimensions. Nous avons donc pensĂ© Ă Ă©laborer un formalisme abstrait, englobant la mĂ©thode trouvĂ©e Ă une dimension, afin de construire une mĂ©thode variationnelle trĂšs gĂ©nĂ©rale. Si, pour des raisonscontractuelles, nous prĂ©sentons cette derniĂšre appliquĂ©e au schĂ©ma de Yee Ă 3 dimensions, il ne fait pas de doute que le lecteur saurait y voir des applications Ă d'autres types de discrĂ©tisation
Lâapplication du droit communautaire aux entreprises en difficultĂ©: sous la direction de JoĂ«l Rideau
rĂ©sumĂ© de thĂšseInternational audienceFailing firms concern three distinct branches of Europen Community Law : European Competition Law : In times of economic trouble, European States are particularly inclined to go the assistance of certain firms in difficulty. In truth, their extinctions would cause serious social distress such as the redundancy of their employees together with considerable damage to the economic balance of some town or even region. To get through, State aid has to cover a number of conditions listed in the Community Guidelines on State aide for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty. The factors conditioning the option taken by the Commission are however and vary according to the size of a firm, its line of business and its location. Hence, the Commission may be driven to enforce more or less adaptable guidelines, from the very strict enforcement of the general terms in the case of the motor and steel industries, to a more flexible enforcement as far as aid for SAEs is concerned. Flexibility can reach such heights sometimes that when it comes to privatising, in New LĂ€nder among others, their very application may be questioned. Thus, unpredictability as to the acceptance or the refusal of aid is to be deplored and it is all the more prejudicial for a failing firm as it must return the aid it was given if the latter is unauthorized by the Commission, even if bankruptcy is the price to pay. Another reason for European Law to be concerned with firms in difficulty is the latterâs possible attempt at resorting to Crisis Cartels, if not to Failing Company Defence when in distress. European Labour Law : Three directives are meant to protect the employees of failing firms : the first one is intended against collective redundancies, the second in case of transfers of undertakings and the third is designed as a protection against insolvency. These directives are however not meant to establish a system of protection uniform for all members of the Community. Thus, they let the States certain freedom of manoeuvre all the larger that they do not make provision for penalty if their terms are not observed. European Insolvency Law : Fruit of forty years reflection, a regulation must eventually improve national insolvency proceedings in European cases. While economic prospects are growing gloomier and the European Charter for small enterprises adopted on June 19th and 20th has acknowledged their constituting âthe backbone of European Economyâ, it is to be desired the measures preventing firms from having difficulties be voted.Les entreprises en difficultĂ© intĂ©ressent trois branches distinctes du droit communautaire : le droit communautaire de la concurrence : les Ătats, particuliĂšrement en pĂ©riode de crise, sont tentĂ©s de secourir certaines entreprises en difficultĂ©, tant la disparition de celles-ci risquerait d'entraĂźner des consĂ©quences sociales graves, non seulement par le licenciement des salariĂ©s, mais par l'atteinte Ă l'Ă©quilibre Ă©conomique d'une ville, voire d'une rĂ©gion. Pour ĂȘtre autorisĂ©e, l'aide Ă©tatique devra rĂ©pondre Ă un certain nombre de conditions dĂ©finies par les lignes directrices pour les aides dâĂtat au sauvetage et Ă la restructuration des entreprises en difficultĂ©. Cependant, selon la dimension de lâentreprise, sa situation gĂ©ographique et la nature de son activitĂ©, nombreux sont les Ă©lĂ©ments conduisant la Commission Ă faire une application plus ou moins flexible des lignes directrices, allant selon les hypothĂšses, dâune application trĂšs stricte des principes gĂ©nĂ©raux comme pour lâautomobile et la sidĂ©rurgie, Ă une application plus souple par exemples pour les aides aux PEA, jusquâĂ une adaptation si large que, lorsquâil sâagit de privatiser, notamment dans les nouveaux LĂ€nder, il est permis de douter de leur application mĂȘme. Il peut ainsi ĂȘtre regrettĂ© une certaine imprĂ©visibilitĂ© de lâacceptation ou du refus de lâaide, dâautant plus dommageable pour lâentreprise en difficultĂ© que si celle-ci a reçu une aide non autorisĂ©e par la Commission, elle devra la restituer, quand bien mĂȘme cela entraĂźnerait sa mise en faillite. Le droit communautaire sâintĂ©resse Ă©galement aux entreprises en difficultĂ© car celles-ci peuvent ĂȘtre tentĂ©es, afin de sortir de la situation dans laquelle elles se trouvent, de recourir Ă des ententes de crise, voire Ă des concentrations dâassainissement. Le droit communautaire du travail : trois directives visent Ă protĂ©ger les salariĂ©s des entreprises en difficultĂ© ; la premiĂšre en cas de licenciement collectifs, la seconde en cas de transfert d'entreprises, et la troisiĂšme contre le risque d'insolvabilitĂ© de l'employeur. Ces directives ne visent cependant pas Ă instaurer un niveau de protection uniforme pour l'ensemble de la CommunautĂ©, et laissent aux Ătats membres une marge de manĆuvre d'autant plus large qu'elles ne prĂ©voient pas de sanction en cas de non-respect de leurs termes. Le droit communautaire de la faillite : fruit de quarante annĂ©es de rĂ©flexion, un rĂšglement va enfin amĂ©liorer les procĂ©dures d'insolvabilitĂ© nationales dans les cas de faillite de dimension communautaire. Alors que les perspectives Ă©conomiques sâassombrissent et que la Charte europĂ©enne des petites entreprises adoptĂ©es les 19 et 20 juin 2000 a reconnu que celles-ci constituent « lâĂ©pine dorsale de lâĂ©conomie europĂ©enne », il serait souhaitable que des mesures visant Ă prĂ©venir les difficultĂ©s des entreprises soient adoptĂ©es
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